GACE Family and Consumer Sciences (714) cheat sheet

Erikson's psychosocial stages in order: trust vs. mistrust (infancy), autonomy vs. shame/doubt (toddler), initiative vs. guilt (preschool), industry vs. inferiority (school age), identity vs. role confusion (adolescence), intimacy vs. isolation (young adult), generativity vs. stagnation (midlife), integrity vs. despair (late life).

Piaget's stages: sensorimotor (0-2, object permanence), preoperational (2-7, egocentrism, symbolic play), concrete operational (7-11, conservation, reversibility), formal operational (11+, abstract and hypothetical reasoning).

Bowlby and Ainsworth attachment types: secure, avoidant, ambivalent/resistant, disorganized; assessed with the Strange Situation procedure in infancy.

Baumrind parenting styles cross two dimensions (warmth and control): authoritative (high/high), authoritarian (low warmth/high control), permissive (high warmth/low control), neglectful (low/low).

Bronfenbrenner's ecological model, inner to outer: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem (time).

Family life cycle stages: launching single adult, new couple, families with young children, families with adolescents, launching children, later life; each stage has developmental tasks and typical stressors.

Kubler-Ross grief stages: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance; they are not strictly sequential and are not a required pathway.

Maslow's hierarchy from base: physiological, safety, belonging/love, esteem, self-actualization; lower needs generally dominate until met.

Developmental milestones anchor assessment: social smile ~6 weeks, sitting ~6 months, walking ~12 months, two-word phrases ~18-24 months, theory of mind ~4 years.

Opportunity cost is the value of the next-best forgone alternative; it is the correct basis for comparing resource-use decisions, not just out-of-pocket spending.

Compound interest formulas: A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt) for lump sums; future value of an annuity uses [(1 + r/n)^(nt) - 1] / (r/n). Rule of 72 estimates doubling time as 72 / annual percentage rate.

A budget is balanced when planned income equals planned fixed expenses plus planned flexible expenses plus savings; a deficit requires cutting flexible expenses before fixed ones.

Emergency fund benchmark is typically three to six months of essential expenses; adequacy depends on income stability and dependents.

Cash-flow statement differs from a net-worth statement: cash flow tracks income and outflows over a period, while net worth = assets minus liabilities at a point in time.

Consumer decision-making sequence: identify the need, gather information, evaluate alternatives, purchase, use, and post-purchase evaluation (including complaining and redress).

Credit cost measures: APR expresses the annualized cost of credit including fees; a longer term lowers the monthly payment but raises total interest paid.

Consumer protection levers include the cooling-off rule for certain door-to-door sales, the Fair Credit Reporting Act dispute process, and the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act limits on collector conduct.

Resources are classified as human (time, energy, skills, knowledge) or nonhuman (money, goods, community facilities); management is the process of planning, implementing, and evaluating their use.

Six nutrient classes: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water; carbohydrate and protein supply 4 kcal/g, fat 9 kcal/g, alcohol 7 kcal/g.

AMDR ranges: carbohydrate 45-65%, fat 20-35%, protein 10-35% of total calories; protein RDA for adults is 0.8 g per kg body weight.

Maillard browning is a nonenzymatic reaction between reducing sugars and amino groups that browns and flavors food above roughly 140-165 C; caramelization involves sugars alone.

Gluten forms when gliadin and glutenin hydrate and are worked; fat and sugar shorten gluten strands, while overmixing develops toughness.

Emulsions are stabilized by emulsifiers (lecithin in egg yolk); an emulsion breaks when the dispersed phase coalesces, as when a vinaigrette separates.

Collagen converts to gelatin with moist heat over long time; gelatin sets on cooling, and fresh pineapple or kiwi prevents setting because of proteolytic enzymes.

Food safety temperature rules: refrigerator at or below 4 C (40 F), freezer at or below -18 C (0 F), danger zone 4-60 C (40-140 F), and cook poultry to 74 C (165 F).

Cross-contamination control separates raw animal foods from ready-to-eat foods in storage, cutting boards, and utensils; handwashing is the single most effective intervention.

Leavening agents release gas by biological action (yeast), chemical reaction (baking soda plus acid, baking powder), or physical means (steam, air beaten into eggs).

Fiber classification: natural cellulosic (cotton, linen), natural protein (wool, silk), regenerated (rayon, lyocell), and synthetic (polyester, nylon, acrylic, spandex); generic fiber names are legally regulated.

Staple fibers are short and twisted into yarns, giving softness and pill-prone surfaces; filament fibers are continuous, giving smoothness and strength.

Fabric structures: woven (warp and weft, three basic weaves plain, twill, satin), knit (interlocking loops, stretchy; weft vs. warp knit), nonwoven (bonded fibers), and felt.

Thread count describes yarns per square inch in woven fabric; higher counts are not automatically better, since yarn quality and ply matter.

Drape, hand, and cover are performance properties determined by fiber, yarn, structure, and finish; they guide selection for a garment's end use.

Pattern symbols: grainline arrow aligns with warp for stability, notches match pieces, and the fold line is placed on folded fabric; cutting on the bias gives stretch and drape.

Fit adjustments: a full-bust adjustment adds width across the bust and length in front; a swayback adjustment removes excess at center back; a broad-shoulder adjustment alters the shoulder slope.

Care labeling and fiber content disclosure are required by the FTC textile rules; care instructions must be accurate and permanently attached.

Color theory in apparel: value is lightness, intensity is saturation, and hue is the color family; analogous schemes use adjacent hues and complementary schemes use opposite hues.

Elements of design are line, form, space, texture, color, and pattern; principles are balance, rhythm, emphasis, proportion/scale, and unity/harmony.

Color scheme types: monochromatic (one hue), analogous (adjacent hues), complementary (opposite hues), split-complementary, and triadic (three equidistant hues).

Lighting layers: ambient (general), task (focused work), and accent (emphasis); color rendering index and color temperature (Kelvin) describe lamp quality and warmth.

Ergonomic clearance rules: at least 36 inches of walkway width, 42-48 inches of work aisle in a kitchen, and 15-24 inches of counter on each side of the sink and range for the work triangle.

Kitchen work triangle connects sink, range, and refrigerator; total leg length is generally kept between 12 and 26 feet to limit travel.

Universal design principles include equitable use, flexibility, simple intuitive use, perceptible information, tolerance for error, low physical effort, and appropriate size and space.

Indoor air quality concerns include volatile organic compounds from finishes and adhesives, radon, mold from moisture, and carbon monoxide; ventilation and source control are primary strategies.

Housing tenure terms: lease binds renter and landlord, security deposit is refundable subject to condition, and escrow holds funds for taxes and insurance in a mortgage.

Sustainable design concepts: embodied energy, life-cycle costing, passive solar orientation, and water-efficient fixtures rated by WaterSense.

Family and Consumer Sciences is organized around the National Standards for FCS (Areas of Study) and 21st Century Skills; instruction integrates knowledge, skills, and dispositions rather than isolated facts.

Career and technical education accountability under Perkins legislation emphasizes academic and technical skill attainment, nontraditional participation, and program completion.

CTSO for FCS is FCCLA (Family, Career and Community Leaders of America); its programs include STAR Events and Students Taking Action with Recognition.

Lesson planning components: measurable objective with a condition, behavior, and criterion; anticipatory set, direct instruction, guided and independent practice, and closure with formative assessment.

Assessment types: formative (ongoing, informs instruction) versus summative (end of unit, certifies learning); reliability is consistency, validity is measuring what is intended.

Instructional strategies suited to FCS labs include demonstration, cooperative learning, project-based learning, and station rotation; safety instruction precedes any lab work.

Differentiation adapts content, process, or product based on readiness, interest, and learning profile; universal design for learning offers multiple means of representation, action/expression, and engagement.

Professional ethics and legal duties include mandated reporting of suspected child abuse, confidentiality of student records under FERPA, and supervision of students in laboratory settings.

Reflective practice uses data from assessments and observation to revise instruction; professional development is ongoing and aligned to content and pedagogical standards.