GTLE General Professional Knowledge flashcards

33 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

ZPD

Vygotsky's zone of proximal development: the distance between what a learner can do alone and what the learner can do with adult or peer assistance.

Scaffolding

Temporary support given during learning, such as prompts or models, that is gradually removed as the learner gains competence.

Conservation

Piaget's understanding that quantity stays the same despite changes in appearance; it appears in the concrete operational stage around age seven.

Assimilation

Piaget's process of fitting new information into existing schemas without changing them, as when a child calls a zebra a horse.

Accommodation

Piaget's process of changing existing schemas to fit new information, such as revising a concept after encountering a counterexample.

Industry vs Inferiority

Erikson's stage for ages six to twelve, where success in school and peer tasks builds competence, while repeated failure breeds inferiority.

Formative assessment

Ongoing assessment during instruction that provides feedback to adjust teaching and learning; it is assessment for learning rather than grading.

Summative assessment

Assessment at the end of a unit or period that measures achievement against standards and usually contributes to a grade.

Validity

The extent to which an assessment measures what it claims to measure and supports the intended interpretations and uses of scores.

Reliability

The consistency of an assessment in producing stable scores across repeated administrations, raters, or equivalent item sets.

Table of specifications

A test blueprint that maps objectives, content, item counts, and cognitive levels to ensure balanced coverage before items are written.

Item difficulty index

The proportion of examinees answering an item correctly; values between 0.25 and 0.75 are generally acceptable for classroom tests.

Differentiated instruction

Modifying content, process, product, or environment in response to learners' readiness, interests, and learning profiles.

Cooperative learning

Small-group instruction requiring positive interdependence, individual accountability, face-to-face interaction, social skills, and group processing.

Inquiry-based learning

An approach in which learners pose questions, investigate evidence, and construct explanations with teacher guidance rather than receiving answers directly.

Bloom's revised taxonomy

A hierarchy of cognitive objectives: remember, understand, apply, analyze, evaluate, create, used to align objectives and test items.

Tyler rationale

A curriculum model with four questions: what objectives to attain, what experiences to provide, how to organize them, and how to evaluate.

Spiral curriculum

Bruner's design in which core concepts recur across grade levels with increasing depth and complexity.

CIPP model

Stufflebeam's evaluation framework examining context, input, process, and product to inform curriculum and program decisions.

Hidden curriculum

Unplanned lessons transmitted through school routines, norms, and relationships, such as punctuality, obedience, and social hierarchy.

Constructivism

A theory holding that learners actively build knowledge by connecting new experiences to prior knowledge rather than passively receiving information.

Essentialism

A philosophy asserting that schools should transmit a core body of basic skills and cultural knowledge under teacher authority.

Progressivism

Dewey's child-centered philosophy emphasizing experience, interest, problem solving, and democratic participation over fixed subject matter.

Withitness

Kounin's term for a teacher's awareness of everything happening in the room and timely response before minor problems escalate.

Positive discipline

A non-violent approach that teaches expected behavior through clear rules, reinforcement, and consequences while preserving the learner's dignity.

Mistaken goals

Dreikurs' four purposes behind misbehavior: attention, power, revenge, and inadequacy, each requiring a different teacher response.

TPACK

A framework describing effective technology integration as the overlap of technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge.

SAMR model

A four-level scale for technology use: substitution, augmentation, modification, and redefinition, with redefinition enabling previously inconceivable tasks.

Confidentiality limits

The legal and ethical boundaries of counselor confidentiality, including risk of harm, suspected abuse, and court orders requiring disclosure.

Magna Carta for Teachers

RA 4670, which sets out public school teachers' rights, tenure, leave privileges, and protections against discrimination and unfair transfer.

Code of Ethics for Teachers

The professional standards in RA 7836 and DepEd Order No. 32, s. 2009 covering learner welfare, confidentiality, and conduct.

Action research

A cyclical, practitioner-led inquiry in which a teacher plans, acts, observes, and reflects to improve local classroom practice.

Reflection-on-action

Schon's term for reviewing and analyzing a completed teaching episode to inform future decisions.