GTLE Multiple Subjects Early Grade cheat sheet

Five essential components of reading instruction: phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension; each is separately assessed and taught.

Phonological awareness is the umbrella skill (sounds of speech, syllables, rhyme); phonemic awareness is the narrowest level and involves individual phonemes.

The alphabetic principle is the mapping of graphemes to phonemes; English has about 44 phonemes represented by roughly 250 grapheme-letter combinations.

Fluency has three measurable parts: accuracy, rate (words correct per minute), and prosody; it is the bridge from word recognition to comprehension.

Running records and miscue analysis classify errors as substitutions, omissions, insertions, or reversals; self-corrections are evidence of meaning-making, not failure.

A syllable is a vowel sound unit; closed syllables end in a consonant (short vowel), open syllables end in a vowel (long vowel), and silent-e syllables make the vowel long.

Text complexity for grade-level placement uses three dimensions: quantitative (readability, sentence length), qualitative (structure, knowledge demands), and reader-task fit.

The writing process is recursive, not linear: planning, drafting, revising, editing, and publishing can loop back at any stage.

Place value is positional: in 4,582 the 5 represents 5 hundreds (500) and the 8 represents 8 tens (80); each place is ten times the place to its right.

Algorithms for whole numbers: addition/subtraction regroup by 10; multiplication is repeated addition and area; division is sharing and grouping with remainder r < divisor.

Fraction operations rules: a/b + c/d requires a common denominator; a/b ÷ c/d = a/b × d/c; a/b × c/d multiplies numerators and denominators.

A decimal and a fraction are two notations for the same rational number; 0.25 = 25/100 = 1/4, and place value names the denominator (tenths, hundredths).

Perimeter is the distance around (sum of side lengths); area of a rectangle is length × width; volume of a right rectangular prism is length × width × height.

Triangle angle sum is 180°; quadrilateral angle sum is 360°; the area of a triangle is ½ × base × height.

The mean is the sum divided by the count; the median is the middle value in ordered data; the mode is the most frequent value; the range is max minus min.

A pattern rule can be recursive (each term from the previous) or functional (term from position, e.g., y = 3x + 1); both generate the same sequence differently.

Scientific inquiry sequence: question, hypothesis, controlled test with variables, data collection, analysis, and conclusion; a fair test changes one variable at a time.

Independent variable is what the investigator changes; dependent variable is what is measured; controlled variables are held constant.

States of matter: solids hold shape and volume, liquids hold volume but not shape, gases fill the container; adding heat increases particle motion.

Water changes state at 0 °C (melting/freezing) and 100 °C (boiling/condensing) at standard pressure; mass is conserved in physical changes.

Food chains move energy from producers to consumers to decomposers; energy decreases at each trophic level and matter cycles through the ecosystem.

Earth-Sun-Moon system: Earth rotates once per day causing day and night; Earth revolves once per year causing seasons (tilted axis, not distance).

Force is a push or pull; an object at rest stays at rest unless a net force acts; friction opposes motion and gravity pulls toward Earth's center.

Life cycles and inherited traits: offspring resemble parents through inherited traits, while learned behaviors come from environment and experience.

Map skills: a compass rose shows cardinal and intermediate directions; a map scale converts map distance to real distance; a legend decodes symbols.

Latitude lines run east-west and measure distance north or south of the equator; longitude lines run north-south and measure east or west of the prime meridian.

Three branches of U.S. government: legislative makes laws, executive enforces laws, judicial interprets laws; checks and balances limit each branch.

Levels of government: federal, state, and local, each with defined powers; the Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the Constitution.

Community roles include goods producers, service providers, and consumers; scarcity forces choices and creates opportunity cost.

Timelines order events by date; BCE counts backward toward year 1 and CE counts forward, so 500 BCE is earlier than 200 BCE.

Cultural universals appear in every society: food, shelter, language, government, religion or belief, arts, and family structures.

Primary sources are created by participants or witnesses (letters, photographs, artifacts); secondary sources interpret or summarize them.

Five components of health-related fitness: cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition.

FITT principle prescribes exercise: Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type; the overload principle requires increasing demand to improve.

Target heart rate range is roughly 60–80% of maximum heart rate; estimated maximum heart rate = 220 minus age.

Skill-related fitness components: agility, balance, coordination, power, reaction time, and speed.

Locomotor skills move the body (walk, run, hop, skip, jump, slide); non-locomotor skills move in place (bend, twist, stretch, balance).

The five food groups are fruits, vegetables, grains, protein foods, and dairy; nutrient classes are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water.

Communicable diseases spread by pathogens through contact, airborne droplets, vectors, or contaminated food and water; handwashing interrupts transmission.

First aid basics: RICE for strains and sprains (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation) and universal precautions such as gloves for blood contact.

Elements of art: line, shape, form, color, value, texture, and space; principles of design include balance, contrast, emphasis, movement, pattern, rhythm, and unity.

Color theory: primary colors mix to make secondary colors; complementary colors sit opposite on the color wheel and create high contrast; analogous colors sit adjacent.

Warm colors (red, orange, yellow) advance visually; cool colors (blue, green, violet) recede; value is lightness or darkness independent of hue.

Two-dimensional media include drawing, painting, and printmaking; three-dimensional media include sculpture, ceramics, and architecture.

In music, pitch is highness or lowness, rhythm is duration in time, dynamics is loudness, timbre is tone color, and form is the piece's structure.

Theater conventions: actors, script, stage space, audience, and design; tableau is a frozen picture, and improvisation is unscripted performance.

Dance uses the elements of body, action, space, time, and energy; choreography is the planning of movement sequences.

Responding to art uses description, analysis, interpretation, and judgment; critique addresses the work, not the maker.

Piaget's stages: sensorimotor (0–2), preoperational (2–7), concrete operational (7–11), formal operational (11+); conservation emerges in concrete operational thought.

Vygotsky's zone of proximal development is the gap between independent performance and performance with scaffolded support; scaffolding is gradually removed.

Bloom's revised taxonomy orders cognitive demand: remember, understand, apply, analyze, evaluate, create.

Formative assessment informs instruction during learning; summative assessment measures achievement at the end of a unit and is graded.

Backward design starts with desired results, then acceptable evidence, then learning experiences and instruction.

Differentiation modifies content, process, or product based on readiness, interest, or learning profile; it is not a separate curriculum.

Maslow's hierarchy places physiological and safety needs below belonging, esteem, and self-actualization; unmet lower needs interfere with learning.

Classroom management rules are most effective when few, positively stated, explicitly taught, and consistently reinforced.