NGSA - independent subject foundations cheat sheet

Compare negative numbers by position, not only magnitude.

Distinguish GCF from LCM.

Use common units for fraction addition and a valid reciprocal for division.

Check a division result by multiplying it by the divisor.

Keep ratio order and distinguish part-to-part from part-to-whole.

A unit rate needs both value and units.

Identify the reference amount in a percent problem.

Solve equations by preserving equality and check by substitution.

Separate perimeter, area, surface area and volume.

Use perpendicular height in triangle and parallelogram area.

Account for every relevant face or component without overlap.

Interpret ordered pairs and signs before reading a location.

Read the complete sentence and its time or logical relationship.

Check both grammatical form and meaning.

Learn collocations and complement patterns in context.

Preserve tense, qualification and meaning in a rewrite.

Use recognition practice alongside original writing and speaking.

Distinguish explicit detail from justified inference.

Read limiting words, negation and changes of plan carefully.

Check reference and logic across both sides of a text gap.

Distinguish narrator, speaker and author.

Support analysis with precise evidence and explained effects.

Investigations compare evidence and can revise their questions.

Mass, volume, heat, temperature, power and energy require distinct meanings and units.

Plants photosynthesize and also respire.

Food webs represent relationships and energy transfer, not creation of energy.

Earth’s tilt and orbit explain seasonal sunlight patterns; rotation explains day-night change.

Respect diversity within communities and distinguish descriptions from stereotypes.

Maps need a scale, legend and reference convention.

Population counts and density are different measures.

Primary sources still need context and corroboration.

Ghanaian civic facts are not filled with another country’s institutions.