Državna Matura History flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Neolithic Revolution

Transition from hunting and gathering to settled farming, domestication of animals, pottery, and permanent villages, beginning around 10,000 BCE in the Near East.

Cuneiform

One of the earliest writing systems, developed by the Sumerians in Mesopotamia using wedge-shaped marks pressed into clay tablets, later used for law and administration.

Hammurabi's Code

Babylonian legal collection from the 18th century BCE, inscribed on a stele, applying graded penalties according to social status and providing early written legal norms.

Athenian democracy

Political system in classical Athens where male citizens voted in the assembly and held public office by lot, developing after Cleisthenes' reforms around 508 BCE.

Pax Romana

Period of relative peace and stability across the Roman Empire from the reign of Augustus to the late second century CE, supporting trade, roads, and urban growth.

Feudal fief

Land or rights granted by a lord to a vassal in return for military service and loyalty, forming the legal and economic basis of medieval aristocratic society.

Treaty of Verdun

843 agreement dividing Charlemagne's empire among his grandsons Lothair, Louis, and Charles, laying groundwork for later France and Germany.

Pacta Conventa

Traditional name for the 1102 agreement by which Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary under a shared king while retaining its own institutions and nobility.

Croatian Kingdom under Tomislav

Early medieval Croatian state recognized around 925 with Tomislav as king, controlling Dalmatian hinterland and coastal towns before dynastic changes in the eleventh century.

Black Death

Plague pandemic reaching Europe in 1347, killing a large share of the population and triggering labor shortages, social unrest, and economic change.

Battle of Mohács

1526 Ottoman victory over Hungarian forces that ended independent Hungarian royal power and led Croatian nobles to elect Ferdinand of Habsburg as king.

Military Frontier

Habsburg defensive zone along the Ottoman border where settlers received land in exchange for military service, existing in Croatian territory from the sixteenth century.

Peace of Karlowitz

1699 treaty ending the Great Turkish War, in which the Ottoman Empire ceded Hungary, Transylvania, and much of Slavonia to the Habsburgs, shifting the frontier southward.

Council of Trent

Catholic Church council held 1545–1563 that clarified doctrine, reformed clergy education and discipline, and launched the Counter-Reformation against Protestantism.

Illyrian Provinces

Napoleonic administrative unit 1809–1813 combining Croatian, Slovenian, and Dalmatian lands under French rule, introducing legal and educational reforms.

Illyrian Movement

Croatian national revival led by Ljudevit Gaj in the 1830s, promoting a common South Slav literary language and cultural institutions to counter Magyarization.

Nagodba of 1868

Croatian-Hungarian settlement defining Croatia's autonomous status within Hungary, covering internal affairs while leaving key economic and military matters to Budapest.

Congress of Vienna

1814–1815 diplomatic settlement restoring monarchies and a balance of power in Europe after Napoleon, reshaping borders and creating new kingdoms and confederations.

Sarajevo assassination

Killing of Archduke Franz Ferdinand on 28 June 1914 by Gavrilo Princip, which triggered the July Crisis and the outbreak of the First World War.

Corfu Declaration

1917 agreement between the Yugoslav Committee and Serbia's government on creating a constitutional parliamentary monarchy of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes after the war.

Vidovdan Constitution

1921 constitution of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes establishing a centralized state, which was opposed by Croatian federalists and deepened political conflict.

Banovina of Croatia

Autonomous unit created in 1939 by the Sporazum between Croatian and Yugoslav leaders, uniting Croatian-majority territories within the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

Marshall Plan

American program from 1948 providing economic aid to rebuild Western Europe and counter communist influence, a key element in the emerging Cold War division.

Non-Aligned Movement

Organization of states not aligned with either Cold War bloc, founded in Belgrade in 1961 with Yugoslav participation under Tito, promoting decolonization and neutrality.

Fall of the Berlin Wall

November 1989 opening of the fortified border dividing East and West Berlin, symbolizing the collapse of communist regimes in Eastern Europe before the USSR dissolved.

Maastricht Treaty

1992 agreement creating the European Union, introducing EU citizenship, common foreign policy, and the path toward a single currency adopted later.

Croatian Spring

Reform movement in the late 1960s and early 1970s seeking greater Croatian autonomy and cultural rights within Yugoslavia, suppressed by party purges after 1971.

Operation Storm

August 1995 Croatian military and police offensive that ended large-scale fighting in the Homeland War and restored control over occupied Croatian territory.

Battle of Vukovar

1991 siege and destruction of the eastern Croatian city by Yugoslav army and Serb forces, a symbol of resistance and civilian suffering in the Homeland War.

Dayton Agreement

1995 peace agreement ending the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, dividing the country into two entities and including provisions on refugee return and regional stability.

Primary source

Material created during the period under study, such as documents, letters, artifacts, or eyewitness testimony, used as direct evidence by historians.

Annales school

Historiographical approach associated with Braudel emphasizing long-term structures, geography, and social history over short-term political events and individual actions.