CPACC flashcards
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32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Medical model of disability
- Locates disability in the individual as a defect or deficit to be diagnosed, treated, or cured by professionals. It emphasizes impairment and rehabilitation and tends to overlook environmental and social barriers.
- Social model of disability
- Separates impairment (a physical or mental condition) from disability (the disadvantage created by societal barriers). It argues that removing attitudinal, physical, and informational barriers enables participation.
- Biopsychosocial model (ICF)
- The WHO framework describing disability as an interaction among health conditions, body functions and structures, activities, participation, environmental factors, and personal factors, rather than a single cause.
- Human rights model
- A framework rooted in the UN CRPD treating disability as part of human diversity. It places obligations on states and society to remove barriers and guarantee equal rights and dignity.
- Person-first versus identity-first
- Two language conventions: person-first ("person with a disability") foregrounds the person; identity-first ("disabled person") treats disability as identity. Respect individual and community preference.
- Disability community diversity
- The disability community spans physical, sensory, intellectual, learning, mental health, neurological, and chronic health conditions, and intersects with age, culture, gender, and income. It is not a single homogeneous group.
- Universal Design seven principles
- Equitable use, flexibility in use, simple and intuitive use, perceptible information, tolerance for error, low physical effort, and size and space for approach and use. Formulated by Ronald Mace in 1997.
- Universal design versus accessibility
- Universal design creates products usable by everyone without adaptation. Accessibility removes barriers so people with disabilities can access on an equal basis, often through specific features or accommodations.
- POUR principles
- The four WCAG principles: Perceivable, Operable, Understandable, Robust. Each principle contains guidelines, and each guideline contains testable success criteria at levels A, AA, or AAA.
- WCAG conformance levels
- Level A is the minimum, AA is the common legal and policy target, and AAA is enhanced. Whole sites are generally not expected to meet AAA because some content cannot satisfy it.
- Curb-cut effect
- Designing for users with the greatest access needs often benefits everyone. Examples include captions used by people in noisy environments and text alternatives used by search engines.
- Inclusive design
- A design approach addressing the full range of human diversity, including ability, age, culture, and language. It emphasizes designing with excluded users rather than only for them.
- Assistive technology definition
- Any item, equipment, software, or product system used to increase, maintain, or improve the functional capabilities of people with disabilities. Includes both high-tech and low-tech solutions.
- Screen reader
- Software that converts on-screen content into synthesized speech or braille output. It relies on semantic markup such as headings, landmarks, labels, and alternative text to convey structure and meaning.
- Refreshable braille display
- A device with raised pins that render text as tactile braille, often paired with a screen reader. It supports literacy and precise reading for people who are deafblind or prefer tactile output.
- Screen magnification
- Software or OS features enlarging screen content for people with low vision. Effective design requires reflow and text resizing so magnification does not force horizontal scrolling.
- Audio description
- Narration describing visual elements of video or live performance for people who are blind or have low vision. It is distinct from captions, which convey audio content to deaf users.
- Captions versus transcripts
- Captions display synchronized text of audio on screen, including speaker and sound cues. Transcripts provide the text separately, often with visual descriptions, and are not synchronized.
- Switch access
- An alternative input method using one or more switches to control a device via scanning. It supports people with limited motor control, trading speed for fewer required physical actions.
- Augmentative and alternative communication
- Tools and strategies supporting people with speech or language impairments, including symbol boards, speech-generating devices, and text-to-speech apps. AAC may supplement or replace speech.
- UN CRPD
- The 2006 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Article 9 covers accessibility; other articles address information access, education, employment, and cultural participation.
- ADA titles
- US Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990: Title I employment, Title II state and local government, Title III public accommodations, Title IV telecommunications relay, Title V miscellaneous provisions.
- Section 508
- A US Rehabilitation Act provision requiring federal agencies' electronic and information technology to be accessible. The Revised 508 Standards incorporate WCAG 2.0 Level AA by reference.
- EN 301 549
- A European harmonized standard specifying accessibility requirements for ICT products and services, aligned with WCAG. It supports public procurement and the European Accessibility Act.
- European Accessibility Act
- EU legislation setting accessibility requirements for specified products and services, including e-commerce, banking, transport, and e-books. Member states enforce it with staggered application dates.
- WCAG 2.2 additions
- WCAG 2.2 adds criteria including Focus Not Obscured, Dragging Movements, Target Size (Minimum), Consistent Help, Redundant Entry, and Accessible Authentication. Laws may reference different versions.
- VPAT and ACR
- The Voluntary Product Accessibility Template is a reporting format; a completed Accessibility Conformance Report documents how a product meets standards. It is a vendor claim, not independent certification.
- Accessibility maturity model
- A staged progression from reactive, ad hoc compliance to defined policy, embedded processes, procurement requirements, and measured continuous improvement with audits and user testing.
- Shift left accessibility
- Integrating accessibility requirements into design, definition of done, code review, and automated CI checks so defects are caught early, when remediation is cheapest.
- Accessibility governance
- Assigning executive ownership, a written policy, defined roles across design, development, content, procurement, and legal, plus escalation paths. Accessibility is shared across the organization.
- Accessibility statement
- A public document stating the standards targeted, scope, known limitations, feedback contact, and remediation timeline. Accuracy and honesty matter more than claiming full conformance.
- Accessibility procurement clause
- Contract language requiring vendors to provide a conformance report and evidence, meet specified standards, warrant accessibility, and remediate defects within agreed timelines.