IB Mandarin B HL flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

归属感

The feeling of belonging to a group or place. In identity texts it explains why migrants, students abroad, or minority groups describe both attachment and alienation.

刻板印象

A fixed, oversimplified image of a group. In Paper 1 identity prompts it is usually paired with 偏见 and challenged by a personal counterexample.

代际差异

Differences in values between generations. It frames essays where parents' expectations conflict with a young person's career or lifestyle choices.

多元身份

Having several overlapping identities, such as nationality, language, and profession. It supports arguments that identity is layered rather than single.

文化传承

Passing cultural practices, language, or crafts to later generations. It connects identity prompts to family rituals, festivals, and heritage language use.

语域

The register of a text: formal, neutral, or informal. It is assessed separately from grammar, so mixing 您 and 你 in one letter loses marks.

个人邮件格式

An informal or semi-formal email needs a greeting, a clear purpose in the opening line, body paragraphs, a closing wish, and a sign-off with the writer's name.

经历

An experience one has lived through. It is the core noun for narrative tasks and usually appears with 难忘、深刻 or 改变了我.

过 (experience marker)

The particle marking an indefinite past experience, as in 我去过北京. It contrasts with 了, which marks a completed action at a specific time.

记叙文结构

A narrative needs a clear cause, development, climax, and result in time order, plus a reflection at the end stating what the writer learned or changed.

志愿者

A volunteer. Common in experience prompts about community service, where the reflection should name a concrete skill or attitude gained.

交换生

An exchange student. It anchors narratives about adapting to a new school, host family, food, and language, and about reverse culture shock.

克服

To overcome a difficulty. It typically takes an abstract object such as 困难、恐惧、语言障碍 and signals the turning point of a narrative.

印象深刻

Leaving a deep impression. It is a high-frequency evaluative phrase in recounts and should be followed by the specific detail that caused the impression.

非物质文化遗产

Intangible cultural heritage: oral traditions, performing arts, crafts, and festivals rather than buildings or objects. It is a standard human-ingenuity example.

创新

Innovation: applying new ideas to products, processes, or services. Essays should distinguish it from 发明 (invention) and give a concrete case.

人工智能

Artificial intelligence. A frequent prompt topic; balanced answers weigh efficiency gains against job displacement, privacy, and bias in data.

专利

A patent, the legal right protecting an invention for a set period. It supports arguments about rewarding inventors versus limiting access to knowledge.

传统工艺

Traditional craft techniques such as embroidery, ceramics, and paper cutting. Modernization examples include e-commerce sales and short-video promotion.

议论文结构

An argument essay states a position, gives two supported reasons, refutes the opposing view, and concludes. Each reason needs evidence, not repetition.

被动语态

The passive with 被、由, or 受到, common in process and science descriptions, e.g. 这项技术被广泛应用于医疗. It shifts focus to the object affected.

社区

A community, either geographic or interest-based. It is the unit for social-organization prompts about volunteering, neighborhood services, and local decision-making.

城乡差距

The gap between urban and rural areas in income, education, and services. It is a standard evidence point in social-organization essays and reports.

义务教育

Compulsory education. In China it covers nine years of primary and junior secondary schooling and is a common reference in education-policy arguments.

倡议书

A proposal or call to action. It names a target audience, states a problem, and lists concrete actions, often closing with 让我们… to invite participation.

报道格式

A news report opens with a headline and a lead answering when, where, who, and what, then adds detail and quotations in the third person.

养老

Care and support for elderly people. It links family-structure prompts to aging populations, pensions, and community care services.

可持续发展

Development meeting present needs without harming future generations. It links environmental, economic, and social dimensions in sharing-the-planet essays.

碳排放

Carbon emissions, especially carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels. It is the standard measure in climate arguments and pairs with 减少、中和、达峰.

生物多样性

Biodiversity: the variety of species and ecosystems. Loss arguments typically cite habitat destruction, pollution, and invasive species as causes.

人均

Per capita, calculated by dividing a total by population. It must be distinguished from 总量, since a large total can still mean a small per-person figure.

只有…才…

A conditional structure meaning only if X, then Y. It expresses a necessary condition in policy arguments, e.g. 只有立法，才能减少污染.