MFPHMI Part I flashcards
MFPHMI Part I · Build recall with a focused review session.
32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Incidence rate
- Number of new cases of a disease occurring in a population at risk during a specified period, divided by the person-time at risk.
- Prevalence
- Proportion of a population with a disease at a given point (point prevalence) or during a period (period prevalence); depends on incidence and duration.
- Relative risk
- Ratio of disease incidence in exposed to incidence in unexposed; used in cohort studies and randomised trials to express strength of association.
- Odds ratio
- Ratio of odds of exposure in cases to odds in controls; approximates relative risk when the disease is rare; used in case-control studies.
- Sensitivity
- Proportion of people with the disease who correctly test positive; TP/(TP+FN); a highly sensitive test is useful for ruling out disease.
- Specificity
- Proportion of people without the disease who correctly test negative; TN/(TN+FP); a highly specific test is useful for confirming disease.
- Positive predictive value
- Proportion of people with a positive test who actually have the disease; rises with prevalence and with specificity of the test.
- Herd immunity threshold
- Proportion of a population that must be immune to interrupt transmission; calculated as 1 − 1/R0 for a homogeneously mixing population.
- Standard error of mean
- Standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the mean, equal to s/√n; decreases as sample size increases.
- Type I error
- Rejecting a true null hypothesis (false positive); its probability is denoted alpha, conventionally set at 0.05.
- Statistical power
- Probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis (1 − beta); increases with larger sample size, larger effect size and lower variance.
- Number needed to treat
- Number of patients who must be treated to prevent one additional adverse outcome; reciprocal of the absolute risk reduction.
- Absolute risk reduction
- Difference in event rates between control and treatment groups; unlike relative risk reduction, it reflects baseline risk and clinical impact.
- Confidence interval
- Range of values within which the true population parameter is expected to lie with a stated probability, commonly 95%.
- ANOVA
- Parametric test comparing means across three or more independent groups by partitioning total variance into between-group and within-group components.
- Basic reproduction number
- Average number of secondary cases generated by one infectious case in a fully susceptible population; determines epidemic potential.
- Case definition
- Standard set of clinical, epidemiological and laboratory criteria used to classify individuals as suspected, probable or confirmed cases in an outbreak.
- Notifiable disease
- Disease that registered medical practitioners have a statutory duty to report to the proper officer of the local authority or UKHSA.
- Contact tracing
- Identifying and following up people who may have been exposed to an infectious case, to enable early diagnosis, treatment or isolation.
- Vaccine efficacy
- Percentage reduction in disease attack rate among vaccinated compared with unvaccinated individuals, calculated as (ARU − ARV)/ARU × 100.
- Post-exposure prophylaxis
- Intervention such as immunoglobulin, vaccine or antibiotics given after exposure to a pathogen to prevent or attenuate disease.
- Droplet precautions
- Infection control measures for pathogens spread by large respiratory droplets, including surgical masks for staff and spatial separation of patients.
- Ottawa Charter
- 1986 WHO charter identifying five health promotion action areas: healthy public policy, supportive environments, community action, personal skills and reoriented services.
- Stages of change model
- Prochaska and DiClemente's cycle of pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance and relapse used to tailor behaviour change support.
- Health Belief Model
- Behaviour change model proposing that action depends on perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, cues to action and self-efficacy.
- Upstream intervention
- Action targeting social, economic or environmental determinants of health, such as taxation or housing policy, rather than individual behaviour.
- Health literacy
- Capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions.
- Social marketing
- Application of commercial marketing principles, including product, price, place and promotion, to design programmes that promote health behaviour change.
- Primordial prevention
- Action to prevent the emergence of risk factors in a population, such as policies discouraging smoking uptake, before exposure occurs.
- Secondary prevention
- Early detection and treatment of established disease, for example through screening programmes, to improve prognosis and reduce complications.
- Donabedian model
- Framework for assessing healthcare quality through three dimensions: structure (resources), process (activities) and outcome (results).
- Health needs assessment
- Systematic method of identifying health needs of a population using epidemiological, comparative and corporate approaches to inform commissioning.