MFSEM Written flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Fick equation

VO2max equals cardiac output multiplied by the arteriovenous oxygen difference; it reflects maximal oxygen uptake as the product of maximal heart rate, stroke volume, and tissue oxygen extraction.

ATP-PCr system

Phosphagen system supplies ATP for brief maximal efforts lasting about 10 seconds or less; creatine kinase rapidly regenerates ATP from phosphocreatine without oxygen.

Anaerobic glycolysis duration

Predominantly fuels high-intensity exercise from roughly 10 seconds to 2 minutes; produces ATP without oxygen and generates lactate and hydrogen ions.

Lactate threshold

Exercise intensity at which blood lactate rises above baseline; marks transition from predominantly aerobic to increasing anaerobic contribution and is a strong endurance performance predictor.

Eccentric contraction

Muscle lengthens under tension, producing greater force than concentric action at same load and causing more delayed-onset muscle soreness and muscle damage.

VO2max plateau criterion

Maximal test endpoint when oxygen uptake plateaus despite increasing workload, often defined as an increase less than 2 mL/kg/min between stages.

Heat acclimatization

Repeated heat exposure over 7-14 days increases plasma volume, sweat rate, and earlier sweating, lowering core temperature and heart rate during exercise in heat.

Training specificity

Adaptations are specific to the muscles, movements, intensity, and energy systems trained; endurance training does not produce equivalent strength gains.

Ottawa ankle rules

Ankle radiography is indicated if malleolar pain plus bone tenderness at posterior lateral or medial malleolus or inability to bear weight four steps.

Lachman test

Most sensitive clinical test for anterior cruciate ligament integrity; knee flexed 20-30 degrees, tibia translated anteriorly with femur stabilized.

Thompson test

Patient prone with knee flexed; squeezing calf fails to produce plantarflexion, indicating Achilles tendon rupture.

McMurray test

Knee meniscal test; flexed knee rotated and extended; a click or pain at joint line suggests meniscal tear but sensitivity is limited.

Bone stress injury

Repetitive submaximal loading causes microdamage; risk factors include sudden training increase, low energy availability, and female sex; early MRI is more sensitive than radiograph.

RED-S

Relative energy deficiency in sport; low energy availability impairs bone health, menstrual function, immunity, and performance; treat with increased energy intake and reduced load.

Rotator cuff external rotation test

Tests infraspinatus and teres minor; patient's arm at side, elbow 90 degrees, resists external rotation; weakness or pain suggests tear.

Concussion return-to-sport

Graduated six-step protocol with at least 24 hours per step; athlete must be symptom-free at rest before starting and stop if symptoms recur.

Sudden cardiac arrest in athletes

Leading cause of sudden death during sport; hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and coronary anomalies are common; immediate CPR and AED defibrillation improve survival.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Genetic myocardial disease with unexplained left ventricular hypertrophy, often septal thickness at least 15 mm; associated with exertional syncope and sudden cardiac death in young athletes.

Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction

Airway narrowing 5-15 minutes after exercise; diagnosis supported by at least 10% fall in FEV1 after exercise challenge; warm-up and inhaled beta-2 agonist before exercise help.

Exertional hyponatremia

Serum sodium below 135 mmol/L during or after endurance exercise; caused by excessive hypotonic fluid intake; symptoms include nausea, headache, confusion, seizures; severe cases need hypertonic saline.

Sickle cell trait

Hemoglobin AS; during intense exercise can cause sickling, rhabdomyolysis, and collapse; gradual acclimatization, hydration, and avoiding extreme exertion reduce risk.

Commotio cordis

Sudden cardiac arrest from blunt chest impact during ventricular repolarization; no structural heart disease; immediate CPR and early defibrillation are critical.

Diabetic athlete hypoglycemia

Exercise increases insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake; check glucose before, during, and after; consume 15-30 g fast carbohydrate for hypoglycemia.

Marfan syndrome exercise restriction

Connective tissue disorder with aortic root dilation; avoid collision, high-static, and isometric exercise; regular echocardiography and beta-blocker therapy may be needed.

WADA always-prohibited list

Anabolic agents, peptide hormones, growth factors, beta-2 agonists, hormone antagonists, and masking agents are prohibited at all times in and out of competition.

Therapeutic use exemption

Athlete with a medical condition requiring a prohibited substance may apply for TUE; approval requires need, no alternative, no performance enhancement, and no health risk.

Salbutamol permitted dose

Inhaled salbutamol is permitted up to 1600 micrograms over 24 hours, not exceeding 600 micrograms per 8 hours; higher doses require a TUE.

Exertional heat stroke

Core temperature above 40°C with central nervous system dysfunction; cool immediately with ice-water immersion and transport after cooling begins.

Lightning 30-30 rule

Seek shelter when time between flash and thunder is 30 seconds or less; wait 30 minutes after last thunder before resuming activity.

Emergency action plan

Written plan for sport events covering personnel, communication, equipment, access, and transport; rehearse regularly and ensure AED availability.

Concussion same-day return

Athletes with suspected concussion should not return to play same day; serial evaluation and gradual return after symptom resolution are required.

Blood-borne pathogen exposure

Immediate wash, report, and post-exposure evaluation; hepatitis B vaccination and appropriate prophylaxis reduce risk for athletes and staff.