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Question 1Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

Which energy system predominantly resupplies ATP during a maximal 6-second sprint?

  1. Phosphagen system Correct answer.
  2. Oxidative phosphorylation
  3. Anaerobic glycolysis
  4. Fat oxidation

Explanation

The phosphagen (ATP–PCr) system uses stored ATP and creatine phosphate to resynthesise ATP very rapidly, but its capacity is limited to roughly 8–10 seconds of maximal effort. Anaerobic glycolysis becomes dominant after this initial period, and oxidative metabolism contributes increasingly as exercise continues.

Question 2Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

Which characteristic best describes type I (slow-twitch) muscle fibres?

  1. High oxidative capacity and fatigue resistance Correct answer.
  2. High glycolytic capacity and rapid fatigue
  3. Large cross-sectional area and low capillary density
  4. Predominant recruitment during maximal sprinting

Explanation

Type I fibres have abundant mitochondria, high myoglobin content, a dense capillary supply and a high oxidative capacity, which makes them resistant to fatigue. They are recruited first at low force outputs and are well suited to postural and endurance activity rather than maximal sprinting.

Question 3Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

VO2max is best defined as the:

  1. Maximal rate of oxygen uptake Correct answer.
  2. Oxygen uptake at lactate threshold
  3. Peak cardiac output during maximal work
  4. Oxygen deficit at exercise onset

Explanation

VO2max is the highest rate at which oxygen can be taken up and used during large-muscle incremental exercise, and it reflects the integrated capacity of the cardiovascular, respiratory and muscular systems. It is reached when oxygen uptake plateaus despite further increases in workload.

Question 4Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

What is the main physiological purpose of a warm-up before exercise?

  1. Increase joint stiffness to protect ligaments
  2. Raise muscle temperature and enzyme activity Correct answer.
  3. Deplete muscle glycogen before the event
  4. Reduce blood flow to working muscles

Explanation

A warm-up raises muscle temperature, increases the rate of enzyme-catalysed reactions and improves blood flow and neuromuscular readiness. These changes can enhance performance and may reduce injury risk when the warm-up includes sport-specific movement.

Question 5Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) typically peaks at:

  1. Immediately after the exercise bout
  2. Within 5-10 minutes of finishing
  3. About 7-10 days after exercise
  4. 24-72 hours after exercise Correct answer.

Explanation

DOMS usually begins several hours after unaccustomed or eccentric exercise and peaks between 24 and 72 hours. It is related to muscle damage and the subsequent inflammatory and repair response rather than to a single acute metabolic event.

Question 6Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

Cardiac output is calculated as:

  1. Heart rate multiplied by stroke volume Correct answer.
  2. Heart rate divided by stroke volume
  3. Stroke volume multiplied by blood pressure
  4. Mean arterial pressure divided by heart rate

Explanation

Cardiac output is the volume of blood ejected by the heart per minute and equals heart rate multiplied by stroke volume. During exercise, both variables rise, although stroke volume tends to plateau at higher intensities while heart rate continues to increase.

Question 7Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

Which principle states that bone remodels in response to mechanical loading?

  1. Wolff's law Correct answer.
  2. Henneman's size principle
  3. Frank-Starling law
  4. Fick principle

Explanation

Wolff's law describes the ability of bone to adapt its structure to the mechanical loads placed upon it, so loading above habitual levels stimulates osteogenesis. This principle underpins weight-bearing and resistance exercise prescription for bone health.

Question 8Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

In the first 48 hours after a suspected ankle sprain, which measure is recommended?

  1. Deep massage and ultrasound applied immediately
  2. Immediate vigorous stretching and local heat application
  3. Protection, rest, ice, compression, elevation Correct answer.
  4. Complete immobilization of the joint for at least two weeks

Explanation

Early management of acute soft-tissue injury aims to limit bleeding, swelling and pain while protecting the tissue from further damage. Protection, relative rest, ice, compression and elevation are the core measures in the first 48 hours, with early gentle movement introduced as symptoms allow.

Question 9Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

Lactate threshold is best described as the:

  1. Oxygen uptake at which ventilation plateaus
  2. Exercise intensity at which lactate production stops
  3. Intensity where blood lactate rises above baseline Correct answer.
  4. Maximal blood lactate concentration attainable

Explanation

Lactate threshold is the exercise intensity at which blood lactate begins to accumulate systematically above resting values because production exceeds clearance. It is a strong predictor of endurance performance and is often expressed as a percentage of VO2max or as a running or cycling speed.

Question 10Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

Which feature is most typical of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction?

  1. Airway narrowing 5-15 minutes after exercise Correct answer.
  2. Airway narrowing during the first minute of exercise
  3. Reduced haemoglobin oxygen-carrying capacity
  4. Permanent obstruction unresponsive to bronchodilators

Explanation

Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction typically develops after several minutes of strenuous exercise, with peak airway narrowing around 5-15 minutes after cessation. It results from airway cooling and drying and usually responds to inhaled bronchodilators and preventive strategies.

Question 11Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

Which adaptation is typical after 10-14 days of heat acclimatization?

  1. Increased resting core temperature
  2. Lower sweat sodium with higher core temperature
  3. Higher sweat rate and earlier onset of sweating Correct answer.
  4. Decreased plasma volume

Explanation

Heat acclimatization improves thermoregulation by expanding plasma volume, increasing sweat rate and producing an earlier onset of sweating. Sweat sodium concentration falls and core temperature during exercise is lower, which reduces cardiovascular and thermal strain.

Question 12Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

In a graduated return-to-play protocol after concussion, which step comes immediately after symptom-limited activity?

  1. Light aerobic exercise Correct answer.
  2. Return to competitive play
  3. Full contact training
  4. Maximal-load resistance training

Explanation

The graduated return-to-play protocol advances in steps, beginning with symptom-limited daily activities and then light aerobic exercise. Each step requires at least 24 hours without symptom recurrence before progressing to more intense sport-specific and contact activities.

Question 13Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

Relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S) is characterised by:

  1. Low energy availability impairing body systems Correct answer.
  2. Isolated iron deficiency anaemia without other deficits
  3. Excess energy intake leading to weight gain
  4. Overhydration during prolonged endurance events

Explanation

RED-S arises when energy intake is insufficient to cover the energy cost of exercise plus normal physiological function, leaving little energy for growth, repair and reproduction. It can impair bone health, endocrine function, immunity, metabolism and performance across multiple systems.

Question 14Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

Which loading approach is most appropriate for chronic mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy?

  1. Repeated monthly corticosteroid injections
  2. Progressive eccentric or heavy slow resistance Correct answer.
  3. Complete rest until pain resolves
  4. Passive stretching only

Explanation

Progressive mechanical loading, such as eccentric heel raises or heavy slow resistance training, stimulates tendon adaptation and improves pain and function in chronic tendinopathy. Loading should be progressed gradually and monitored against symptom response rather than avoided altogether.

Question 15Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

A typical pre-competition taper in endurance athletes involves:

  1. Reducing volume while maintaining intensity Correct answer.
  2. Increasing volume and intensity together
  3. Eliminating all training for two weeks
  4. Reducing intensity while increasing volume

Explanation

Tapering reduces training volume substantially while preserving some high-intensity work, allowing fatigue to dissipate without losing fitness. A common approach is a progressive volume reduction over one to three weeks with intensity maintained.

Question 16Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

Which is a recognised benefit of altitude training for endurance performance at sea level?

  1. Increased red cell mass from living at altitude Correct answer.
  2. Increased plasma volume from training at altitude
  3. Reduced ventilatory response to hypoxia
  4. Increased muscle buffering from hypoxia

Explanation

Living at altitude stimulates erythropoietin release and increases red cell mass, which can improve oxygen-carrying capacity when the athlete returns to sea level. The 'live high, train low' model is often used to gain this haematological benefit while preserving sea-level training quality.

Question 17Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

Compared with adults, children have which thermoregulatory characteristic during exercise in heat?

  1. Greater sweat production at a given core temperature
  2. A lower body surface area to mass ratio with a higher sweating rate
  3. Smaller rise in core temperature at the same workload
  4. Higher surface area to mass ratio and lower sweating rate Correct answer.

Explanation

Children have a larger surface area relative to body mass, which promotes heat exchange with the environment, but their sweating rate is lower than that of adults. As a result, they rely more on peripheral blood flow for heat loss and may show a greater rise in core temperature at the same relative workload.

Question 18Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

The primary aim of pre-participation screening in young athletes is to:

  1. Assess dietary supplement intake
  2. Predict future competitive performance
  3. Detect risk-increasing medical conditions Correct answer.
  4. Select athletes for elite training squads

Explanation

Pre-participation screening aims to identify cardiovascular and other medical conditions that could increase the risk of injury, illness or sudden cardiac death during sport. It also provides an opportunity to address general health, vaccination and safety counselling.

Question 19Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

Muscle hypertrophy following resistance training is primarily driven by:

  1. An increase in the number of muscle fibres
  2. A permanent reduction in satellite cell activity
  3. Increased muscle protein synthesis with loading Correct answer.
  4. Conversion of type I fibres to type II fibres

Explanation

Resistance training increases muscle protein synthesis and satellite cell activity, leading to expansion of existing muscle fibres rather than a major increase in fibre number. Neural adaptations contribute early, with measurable hypertrophy developing over weeks to months.

Question 20Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

Which exercise prescription is recommended for a patient with stage 1 hypertension?

  1. Moderate aerobic exercise plus dynamic resistance Correct answer.
  2. Only high-intensity sprint intervals
  3. Isometric handgrip alone as first-line therapy
  4. Bed rest until blood pressure normalizes

Explanation

Guidelines recommend moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on most days, supplemented by dynamic resistance training, as part of lifestyle management for stage 1 hypertension. The combination lowers blood pressure and reduces cardiovascular risk, with isometric training as a possible adjunct rather than a sole therapy.

Question 21Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

According to the force-velocity relationship of skeletal muscle, as shortening velocity increases:

  1. Force production increases
  2. Force remains constant
  3. Force increases then plateaus
  4. Force production decreases Correct answer.

Explanation

The force-velocity relationship describes an inverse association: as the speed of muscle shortening increases, the force the muscle can produce falls. This occurs because fewer cross-bridges are attached at any instant during faster shortening.

Question 22Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

Which finding is most consistent with physiological cardiac remodelling in an endurance athlete?

  1. Eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy with normal filling Correct answer.
  2. Asymmetric septal hypertrophy with outflow obstruction
  3. Left ventricular dilatation with reduced ejection fraction
  4. Pathological Q waves in lateral leads

Explanation

Endurance training typically produces eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy with increased cavity size and wall thickness proportionate to body size, while systolic and diastolic function remain normal. Asymmetric hypertrophy with outflow obstruction, reduced ejection fraction or pathological Q waves suggest disease rather than physiological adaptation.

Question 23Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

The oxygen deficit at the onset of moderate-intensity exercise represents the:

  1. The maximal oxygen uptake that can be attained
  2. Oxygen stored in muscle myoglobin and blood
  3. Lag between ATP demand and oxidative ATP supply Correct answer.
  4. Oxygen consumed above resting values after exercise

Explanation

At the start of exercise, oxidative ATP production responds with a delay, so anaerobic sources cover the shortfall between ATP demand and aerobic supply. The oxygen deficit is the accumulated difference between the oxygen that would have been required for the work and the oxygen actually consumed during this transition.

Question 24Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

Which statement about sickle cell trait and exercise is correct?

  1. It is a contraindication to all competitive sport
  2. It confers enhanced endurance performance at altitude
  3. It causes chronic haemolytic anaemia requiring transfusion
  4. It raises exertional collapse and rhabdomyolysis risk Correct answer.

Explanation

Sickle cell trait is usually asymptomatic but is associated with a small increased risk of exertional collapse, rhabdomyolysis and heat-related illness under extreme conditions. Risk management includes gradual acclimatisation, hydration, pacing and prompt recognition of warning symptoms rather than blanket exclusion from sport.

Question 25Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

Under WADA rules, a Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE) allows an athlete to:

  1. Retain a positive sample result indefinitely
  2. Use any prohibited drug without declaration
  3. Use a banned drug with medical justification Correct answer.
  4. Avoid out-of-competition testing without penalty

Explanation

A TUE permits an athlete to use a substance or method that is otherwise prohibited when there is a clear medical need and no reasonable alternative. It must be applied for in advance through the relevant anti-doping organisation and does not excuse an athlete from testing requirements.

Question 26Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

Which energy system predominates during a maximal 6-second sprint?

  1. Aerobic oxidation of carbohydrate
  2. Phosphagen (ATP-PCr) system Correct answer.
  3. Oxidative phosphorylation
  4. Aerobic glycolysis

Explanation

Maximal efforts lasting about 10 seconds or less depend mainly on stored ATP and phosphocreatine. The phosphagen system supplies energy very rapidly but has a small capacity and fatigues quickly.

Question 27Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

According to the size principle, motor units are recruited in which order as force demand rises?

  1. Type II before type I
  2. Largest to smallest
  3. Random order
  4. Smallest to largest Correct answer.

Explanation

The size principle states that motor units with smaller motor neurons and lower thresholds are recruited first. As force demand increases, progressively larger motor units are added.

Question 28Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

Which characteristic is most typical of type I skeletal muscle fibres?

  1. High oxidative capacity Correct answer.
  2. Large motor neuron size
  3. High glycolytic capacity
  4. Rapid fatigue during repeated contractions

Explanation

Type I fibres have abundant mitochondria and capillaries and a high capacity for oxidative metabolism. They are fatigue-resistant and suited to sustained postural and endurance activity.

Question 29Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

Delayed-onset muscle soreness after unaccustomed eccentric exercise typically peaks at which time?

  1. At 6-8 hours after exercise
  2. Within 1-2 hours of exercise
  3. At 24-72 hours after exercise Correct answer.
  4. At about 12 hours after exercise

Explanation

DOMS usually begins several hours after exercise and peaks between 24 and 72 hours. It reflects a combination of mechanical damage, inflammation, and sensitisation of nociceptors rather than lactic acid accumulation.

Question 30Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

For general health, what weekly aerobic activity is recommended for most adults?

  1. 60 minutes of moderate activity weekly
  2. 150 minutes of moderate activity weekly Correct answer.
  3. 300 minutes of light activity weekly
  4. 75 minutes of vigorous activity weekly

Explanation

Major guidelines recommend at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity or 75 minutes of vigorous activity per week. Additional benefits accrue with more activity, but the 150-minute threshold is the standard public health target.

Question 31Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

A dynamic warm-up before sprinting primarily improves performance by doing which of the following?

  1. Raising muscle temperature and neural readiness Correct answer.
  2. Reducing muscle glycogen use
  3. Causing deliberate muscle fatigue before sprinting
  4. Increasing blood lactate before sprinting

Explanation

A dynamic warm-up raises muscle temperature, increases nerve conduction velocity, and prepares the neuromuscular system for the forthcoming effort. These changes can improve power output and reduce injury risk without causing undue fatigue.

Question 32Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

Creatine monohydrate supplementation primarily improves short-duration performance by doing which of the following?

  1. Increasing phosphocreatine stores Correct answer.
  2. Expanding plasma volume
  3. Increasing maximal oxygen uptake
  4. Buffering hydrogen ions in muscle

Explanation

Creatine supplementation increases intramuscular phosphocreatine content, which supports rapid ATP resynthesis during brief high-intensity efforts. It does not substantially raise VO2max or act as a hydrogen-ion buffer.

Question 33Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

Classic carbohydrate loading before an endurance event aims to do which of the following?

  1. Improve hydration status before racing
  2. Increase muscle glycogen stores Correct answer.
  3. Reduce muscle glycogen before racing
  4. Increase fat oxidation during the event

Explanation

Carbohydrate loading aims to maximise pre-exercise muscle glycogen stores. Higher glycogen availability can delay fatigue during prolonged endurance exercise.

Question 34Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

The ventilatory threshold during incremental exercise is best described as which of the following?

  1. The point at which ventilation reaches its maximum value
  2. The point at which ventilation rises out of proportion to oxygen uptake Correct answer.
  3. The point at which oxygen uptake plateaus
  4. The point at which the respiratory exchange ratio falls

Explanation

The ventilatory threshold is the point at which minute ventilation begins to increase disproportionately relative to oxygen uptake. It is often used as a practical marker of the lactate threshold during incremental exercise testing.

Question 35Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

Running economy is best defined as which of the following?

  1. Oxygen cost at a given running speed Correct answer.
  2. Speed at lactate threshold
  3. Stride length at maximal sprinting speed
  4. Maximal sprinting speed

Explanation

Running economy describes the oxygen cost of running at a given submaximal speed. Better economy means less oxygen is required for the same pace, which can benefit endurance performance.

Question 36Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

The stretch-shortening cycle enhances power output mainly by doing which of the following?

  1. Decreasing tendon stiffness
  2. Increasing muscle glycogen content before contraction
  3. Elastic energy storage and stretch reflex Correct answer.
  4. Reducing motor unit recruitment

Explanation

During a stretch-shortening cycle, elastic energy is stored in tendons and other connective tissues during the eccentric phase and released during the concentric phase. The stretch reflex also contributes to enhanced force production.

Question 37Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

Compared with concentric exercise at the same load, eccentric exercise typically produces which of the following?

  1. Less muscle damage after repeated bouts
  2. Higher metabolic cost for the same load
  3. Lower force production at the same load
  4. Greater force at lower oxygen cost Correct answer.

Explanation

Eccentric contractions can generate greater force with a lower metabolic and oxygen cost than concentric contractions at the same load. However, unaccustomed eccentric exercise causes more muscle damage and soreness.

Question 38Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

Which finding is most consistent with non-functional overreaching or overtraining syndrome?

  1. Improved sleep quality
  2. Lower resting heart rate
  3. Persistent poor performance and mood changes Correct answer.
  4. Increased heart rate variability during sleep

Explanation

Overtraining syndrome is characterised by a prolonged decrement in performance accompanied by mood disturbance, fatigue, and sleep or appetite changes. These symptoms persist despite adequate rest and are not explained by simple acute fatigue.

Question 39Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

After 2-4 weeks of complete bed rest, which change is expected?

  1. Increased capillary density in trained muscle
  2. Reduced VO2max and muscle mass Correct answer.
  3. Improved running economy
  4. Increased plasma volume

Explanation

Detraining after bed rest reduces maximal oxygen uptake and muscle mass and impairs cardiovascular and metabolic adaptations. Plasma volume and capillary density also tend to decrease rather than increase.

Question 40Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

What is the priority in managing suspected exertional heat stroke?

  1. Oral rehydration with cold fluids
  2. Oral NSAIDs
  3. Rapid whole-body cooling Correct answer.
  4. Vigorous massage of the limbs

Explanation

Exertional heat stroke is a medical emergency, and rapid whole-body cooling is the priority to limit organ damage. Cooling should begin immediately while emergency transfer is arranged.

Question 41Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

Exercise-associated hyponatraemia in endurance events is most commonly caused by which of the following?

  1. Excess hypotonic fluid intake Correct answer.
  2. Prolonged heat exposure
  3. Severe dehydration
  4. Excessive sodium supplementation during the race

Explanation

Exercise-associated hyponatraemia usually results from excessive intake of hypotonic fluids, which dilutes serum sodium. It can occur even in athletes who are not dehydrated and is not simply a heat-related problem.

Question 42Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

The female athlete triad is best defined by which combination?

  1. Low energy availability, amenorrhoea and low bone density Correct answer.
  2. High energy availability, regular menses and high bone density
  3. Low energy availability, regular menses and high bone density
  4. High energy availability, amenorrhoea and low bone density

Explanation

The female athlete triad consists of low energy availability, menstrual dysfunction, and low bone mineral density. These components are interrelated and can occur along a spectrum of severity.

Question 43Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

For a patient with type 2 diabetes who uses insulin, which advice is most appropriate around exercise?

  1. Stop insulin on exercise days
  2. Exercise only on an empty stomach
  3. Avoid all carbohydrate-containing foods before exercise
  4. Check glucose and carry fast-acting carbohydrate Correct answer.

Explanation

Patients using insulin should monitor glucose around exercise and carry fast-acting carbohydrate to treat hypoglycaemia. Insulin doses and carbohydrate intake may need adjustment, but insulin should not be stopped without medical advice.

Question 44Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

Which exercise advice is appropriate for an uncomplicated pregnancy?

  1. 150 minutes of moderate aerobic activity weekly Correct answer.
  2. Maximal strength training
  3. High-contact collision sports
  4. Supine exercise after the first trimester

Explanation

Guidelines generally recommend about 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week in uncomplicated pregnancy. Supine exercise and high-contact or maximal efforts are usually avoided because of potential risks.

Question 45Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

Which condition is a leading cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes and is characterised by asymmetric septal hypertrophy?

  1. Acute viral myocarditis
  2. Coronary artery atherosclerosis
  3. Ascending aortic dissection
  4. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Correct answer.

Explanation

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is an important cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes and often shows asymmetric septal hypertrophy. Other causes include congenital coronary anomalies, myocarditis, and ion channel disorders.

Question 46Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

Which statement about exercise-induced anaphylaxis is correct?

  1. A food trigger is always required
  2. It occurs only in hot weather
  3. It may be food-dependent Correct answer.
  4. Antihistamines prevent every episode

Explanation

Exercise-induced anaphylaxis can occur independently or in a food-dependent form, often when exercise follows ingestion of a specific food. Avoidance of known triggers and carrying emergency treatment are important.

Question 47Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

Which measure is most effective for preventing high-altitude illness during rapid ascent?

  1. Taking acetazolamide routinely before every ascent
  2. Ascending slowly with planned rest days Correct answer.
  3. Strenuous exercise on arrival
  4. Drinking large volumes of water

Explanation

Gradual ascent with planned rest days is the most effective prevention strategy for high-altitude illness. Acetazolamide may be used in selected situations but does not replace appropriate acclimatisation.

Question 48Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

What is the initial management of suspected frostbite?

  1. Rapid rewarming in 37-39°C water Correct answer.
  2. Gradual rewarming over several hours
  3. Rubbing the affected area with snow
  4. Walking on the affected foot to restore circulation

Explanation

Suspected frostbite should be rewarmed rapidly in water at about 37-39°C. Rubbing, slow rewarming, and weight-bearing on affected tissue can worsen injury.

Question 49Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

Under WADA rules, which substance class is prohibited at all times, including out of competition?

  1. Creatine
  2. Beta-2 agonists
  3. Anabolic agents Correct answer.
  4. Caffeine

Explanation

Anabolic agents are prohibited at all times under the WADA Code because they can enhance performance and pose health risks. Some other substances are prohibited only in competition or only in particular sports.

Question 50Sports and exercise medicine - general principles and exercise science

Compared with moderate exercise, prolonged strenuous exercise is associated with which immune change?

  1. Transient suppression of immune function Correct answer.
  2. Enhanced mucosal immunity
  3. Lower infection risk
  4. Reduced cortisol secretion

Explanation

Prolonged strenuous exercise can transiently suppress aspects of immune function, including mucosal defences, while cortisol rises. This may contribute to a short-term increase in infection susceptibility after heavy endurance efforts.