AIIMS M.Sc. Nursing cheat sheet

Vital sign reference ranges for adults: oral temperature 36.5–37.5 °C, pulse 60–100/min, respiration 12–20/min, blood pressure under 120/80 mmHg, SpO2 95–100% on room air.

Stages of wound healing: haemostasis (minutes to hours), inflammatory phase (days 1–4), proliferative phase (days 4–21), maturation/remodelling (21 days to 1–2 years); wound tensile strength reaches about 80% of original at best.

Pressure injury staging (NPIAP): stage 1 = non-blanchable erythema of intact skin; stage 2 = partial-thickness loss with dermis exposed; stage 3 = full-thickness loss with subcutaneous fat visible; stage 4 = full-thickness loss exposing fascia, muscle, tendon, cartilage, or bone.

Isotonic solutions (0.9% NaCl, Ringer lactate) expand extracellular volume; hypotonic (0.45% NaCl) shifts water into cells; hypertonic (3% NaCl, 20% mannitol) pulls water out of cells.

Drug administration rights: right patient, drug, dose, route, time, documentation, reason, and response; three checks occur at removal from storage, preparation, and at the bedside.

Intramuscular injection sites and maximum volumes: ventrogluteal (up to 3 mL), dorsogluteal (up to 4 mL, risk to sciatic nerve), vastus lateralis (infants and children), deltoid (up to 1 mL).

Intake-output record: normal adult 24-hour urine output 1,500–2,000 mL; oliguria is under 400 mL/day or under 0.5 mL/kg/h; anuria is under 100 mL/day.

Hand hygiene per WHO 'My 5 Moments': before touching a patient, before clean/aseptic procedure, after body fluid exposure risk, after touching a patient, after touching patient surroundings.

Surgical asepsis: sterile field is contaminated by contact with any non-sterile object; sterile items below waist level or outside the field of vision are considered contaminated.

Myocardial infarction: troponin rises within 3–6 hours and stays elevated 7–14 days; CK-MB rises at 4–6 hours and normalises by 48–72 hours, making it useful for reinfarction detection.

Acute coronary syndrome MONA-B: morphine, oxygen only if SpO2 under 90%, nitroglycerin (avoid with systolic BP under 90 mmHg or suspected right ventricular infarct), aspirin 162–325 mg chewed, beta-blocker.

Heart failure: left-sided failure causes pulmonary oedema, orthopnoea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea, and pink frothy sputum; right-sided failure causes raised JVP, hepatomegaly, ascites, and dependent oedema.

Diabetic ketoacidosis: blood glucose above 250 mg/dL, arterial pH under 7.30, bicarbonate under 18 mEq/L, ketonaemia; management is isotonic saline first, then insulin infusion at 0.1 U/kg/h, with potassium replacement once K+ falls below 5.2 mEq/L and urine output is adequate.

Hypoglycaemia in a conscious patient: 15–20 g fast-acting oral carbohydrate, recheck glucose in 15 minutes; if unconscious, give IV dextrose 25–50% or IM/SC glucagon 1 mg.

Chronic kidney disease stages by eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²): stage 1 ≥90 with kidney damage, stage 2 60–89, stage 3a 45–59, stage 3b 30–44, stage 4 15–29, stage 5 under 15 (dialysis or transplant).

Hyperkalaemia ECG progression: peaked T waves, prolonged PR interval, widened QRS, sine wave pattern; treat with IV calcium gluconate for cardiac protection, insulin with glucose, and salbutamol.

Stroke: thrombolysis with alteplase is considered within 3–4.5 hours of ischaemic symptom onset after excluding haemorrhage on CT; blood pressure must be under 185/110 mmHg before thrombolysis.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: controlled oxygen targets SpO2 88–92% in at-risk patients; use theophylline, anticholinergics, and corticosteroids as ordered; monitor for CO2 retention and drowsiness.

Naegele's rule: estimated date of delivery = first day of last menstrual period + 7 days − 3 months (+ 1 year); assumes a 28-day cycle with ovulation on day 14.

Stages of labour: first stage from onset to full cervical dilatation (nullipara 12–16 h, multipara 6–8 h); second stage from full dilatation to birth (up to 2 h nullipara); third stage from birth to placental expulsion (up to 30 min); fourth stage is the first 1–2 hours postpartum.

Normal fetal heart rate is 110–160 beats/min; decelerations that are early and uniform mirror contractions and are benign, variable decelerations suggest cord compression, and late decelerations indicate uteroplacental insufficiency.

Postpartum haemorrhage: blood loss over 500 mL after vaginal birth or over 1,000 mL after caesarean; causes are the four T's - tone (atony, most common), trauma, tissue (retained placenta), and thrombin (coagulopathy).

Preeclampsia: blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg on two occasions 4 hours apart after 20 weeks with proteinuria ≥300 mg/24 h or other organ dysfunction; severe features include BP ≥160/110, platelets under 100,000, and elevated liver enzymes.

Magnesium sulphate for eclampsia: loading dose 4–6 g IV over 15–20 minutes, then 1–2 g/h; monitor deep tendon reflexes, respiratory rate (at least 12/min), and urine output (at least 30 mL/h); antidote is calcium gluconate 10%.

APGAR scoring at 1 and 5 minutes: appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration; each 0–2 for a total of 10; score of 7–10 is normal, 4–6 moderately depressed, 0–3 severely depressed.

Contraceptive effectiveness: combined oral pills have a typical-use failure rate of about 7–9% per year, copper IUD under 1%, and male condoms about 13–18% with typical use.

Menstrual cycle: menstrual phase days 1–5, proliferative/follicular phase days 6–14 under oestrogen, ovulation around day 14, secretory/luteal phase days 15–28 under progesterone; corpus luteum regresses if no implantation occurs.

Normal vital signs by age: newborns have pulse 100–160/min and respiration 30–60/min; infants pulse 90–160/min; preschool children pulse 80–120/min and respiration 20–30/min; school-age children pulse 70–120/min and respiration 18–25/min.

Infant weight: birth weight doubles by 5–6 months and triples by 12 months; expected weight gain is about 25–30 g/day in the first 3 months.

Growth charts: length increases about 25 cm in the first year (50% of birth length); head circumference increases about 12 cm in the first year and equals chest circumference by 1 year.

Immunisation (India, Universal Immunisation Programme): BCG, OPV-0, and hepatitis B at birth; pentavalent and OPV at 6, 10, and 14 weeks; measles-rubella first dose at 9–12 months; DPT and oral polio boosters at 16–24 months.

Dehydration assessment in children: mild under 5% weight loss, moderate 5–10%, severe over 10%; signs include sunken eyes, delayed skin turgor, and lethargy; ORS is first-line for mild to moderate dehydration.

Paediatric fluid maintenance (Holliday-Segar): 100 mL/kg/day for the first 10 kg, 50 mL/kg/day for the next 10 kg, and 20 mL/kg/day for each kg above 20 kg.

Kawasaki disease: fever over 5 days plus conjunctivitis, oral mucosal changes, rash, extremity changes, and cervical lymphadenopathy; risk of coronary artery aneurysms; treatment is IV immunoglobulin and aspirin.

Nephrotic syndrome in children: heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminaemia, oedema, and hyperlipidaemia; minimal change disease is most common; manage with corticosteroids and monitor for infection and hypovolaemia.

Neonatal jaundice: physiological jaundice appears after 24 hours, peaks at days 3–5, and resolves within 2 weeks; jaundice within 24 hours or a rapid bilirubin rise suggests pathological causes and requires urgent evaluation.

Therapeutic communication techniques: silence, active listening, open-ended questions, reflection, restating, clarification, and offering self; non-therapeutic techniques include false reassurance, giving advice, and changing the subject.

Schizophrenia diagnostic duration: continuous signs for at least 6 months with active symptoms for at least 1 month; positive symptoms (hallucinations, delusions) respond to antipsychotics, negative symptoms (flat affect, avolition) respond poorly.

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: rigidity, hyperthermia, altered consciousness, autonomic instability, and raised creatine kinase; stop the antipsychotic, give dantrolene or bromocriptine, and provide supportive care.

Serotonin syndrome: clonus, hyperreflexia, agitation, tremor, and hyperthermia after serotonergic agents; stop the drug and give supportive care, benzodiazepines, and cyproheptadine in severe cases.

Lithium: therapeutic serum level 0.6–1.2 mEq/L; toxicity signs include tremor, vomiting, ataxia, and confusion; monitor sodium and fluid balance, and avoid thiazide diuretics and NSAIDs.

Depression screening: PHQ-9 scores 5–9 mild, 10–14 moderate, 15–19 moderately severe, and 20–27 severe; suicidality must be assessed separately at every contact.

Alcohol withdrawal: timeline of tremor and anxiety at 6–12 hours, hallucinations at 12–24 hours, seizures at 12–48 hours, and delirium tremens at 48–96 hours; treat with benzodiazepines and thiamine before glucose.

Mental health law in India: the Mental Healthcare Act 2017 provides for advance directives, nominated representatives, admission procedures, and decriminalises attempted suicide; a mental health establishment must be registered.

Eating disorders: anorexia nervosa has low body weight (BMI under 18.5), fear of weight gain, and amenorrhoea; bulimia nervosa involves binge-purge cycles with normal weight; refeeding syndrome risk requires slow calorie reintroduction.

Levels of prevention: primary (immunisation, health education, sanitation), secondary (screening, early diagnosis, treatment), tertiary (rehabilitation, disability limitation).

Epidemiological measures: incidence counts new cases over a period; prevalence counts all existing cases at a point or over a period; an attack rate is the proportion of exposed people who become ill.

Sensitivity = true positives / (true positives + false negatives); specificity = true negatives / (true negatives + false positives); positive predictive value depends on disease prevalence.

Herd immunity threshold formula: 1 − 1/R0; for measles with R0 of 12–18, about 92–95% coverage is required; for polio with R0 of 5–7, about 80–86%.

Infant mortality rate = (deaths under 1 year in a year / live births in the same year) × 1,000; maternal mortality ratio = (maternal deaths / live births) × 100,000.

Cold chain: OPV stored at −20 °C, measles and BCG at −20 °C to −8 °C, and most other vaccines at 2–8 °C; avoid freezing DPT, hepatitis B, and tetanus toxoid.

National Health Programmes in India include the National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, CVD and Stroke (NPCDCS), the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, and the Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health (RMNCH+A) strategy.

Home visit sequence: establish rapport, assess the family and environment, plan with the family, implement health education and care, and record and evaluate; a family folder holds cumulative records.

Bloom's taxonomy of the cognitive domain: knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation; psychomotor domain progresses from perception to set, guided response, mechanism, complex overt response, adaptation, and origination.

Lesson plan components: objectives in measurable terms, content, teaching-learning activities, audiovisual aids, time allocation, and evaluation; objectives use action verbs such as define, calculate, and demonstrate.

Research designs: true experimental has randomisation, control, and manipulation; quasi-experimental lacks randomisation; descriptive designs describe without manipulation; cohort studies follow exposure to outcome, and case-control studies start from outcome.

Levels of evidence (highest to lowest): systematic reviews and meta-analyses, randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, case reports, expert opinion.

Validity and reliability: validity is the extent to measure what is intended (content, criterion, construct); reliability is consistency (test-retest, inter-rater, internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha of 0.70 or above).

Ethical principles in research: autonomy (informed consent), beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, confidentiality, and the right to withdraw; institutional ethics committee approval is required.

Sampling: probability methods include simple random, stratified, cluster, and systematic; non-probability includes convenience, purposive, quota, and snowball; sample size for prevalence studies is n = Z²pq/d².

Nursing administration: staffing formula based on nurse-patient ratio and workload; common ratios are 1:1 for intensive care, 1:4–6 for general wards; span of control, delegation, and performance appraisal are core functions.

Management functions (POSDCORB): planning, organising, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting, and budgeting; Maslow's and Herzberg's theories explain staff motivation and job satisfaction.

Normal adult vital signs: temperature 36.5–37.5 °C orally, pulse 60–100/min, respiration 12–20/min, blood pressure under 120/80 mmHg, SpO2 95–100% on room air.

Pressure injury staging: stage 1 is non-blanchable erythema of intact skin; stage 2 is partial-thickness loss with dermis exposed; stage 3 is full-thickness loss with fat visible; stage 4 exposes fascia, muscle, or bone.

Wound healing phases run from haemostasis through inflammation (days 1–4), proliferation (days 4–21), and maturation (up to 1–2 years), reaching about 80% of original tensile strength.

Intramuscular injection maximum volumes: ventrogluteal up to 3 mL, dorsogluteal up to 4 mL, deltoid up to 1 mL; the vastus lateralis is preferred in infants.

Oliguria is urine output under 400 mL/day or under 0.5 mL/kg/h; anuria is under 100 mL/day; normal adult output is 1,500–2,000 mL/day.

Isotonic fluids such as 0.9% saline expand extracellular volume; hypotonic 0.45% saline moves water into cells; hypertonic 3% saline or 20% mannitol draws water out of cells.

The WHO five moments for hand hygiene cover before patient contact, before aseptic procedure, after body fluid exposure, after patient contact, and after touching patient surroundings.

A sterile field is contaminated by contact with any non-sterile object, by items held below waist level, or by items outside the nurse's field of vision.

Troponin rises 3–6 hours after myocardial infarction and stays elevated for 7–14 days; CK-MB rises at 4–6 hours and normalises by 48–72 hours, so it detects reinfarction.

Heart failure: left-sided failure produces pulmonary oedema, orthopnoea, and pink frothy sputum; right-sided failure produces raised JVP, hepatomegaly, ascites, and dependent oedema.

Diabetic ketoacidosis criteria: glucose above 250 mg/dL, pH under 7.30, bicarbonate under 18 mEq/L, and ketonaemia; start isotonic saline, then insulin infusion at 0.1 U/kg/h.

Hyperkalaemia ECG changes progress from peaked T waves to prolonged PR, widened QRS, and sine wave; give IV calcium gluconate first for cardiac protection.

Ischaemic stroke thrombolysis is considered within 3–4.5 hours of onset after CT excludes haemorrhage; blood pressure must be below 185/110 mmHg before alteplase.

Chronic kidney disease stages by eGFR: stage 3a is 45–59, stage 3b is 30–44, stage 4 is 15–29, and stage 5 is under 15 mL/min/1.73 m².

In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with CO2 retention risk, target SpO2 88–92% and monitor for drowsiness, confusion, and rising CO2.

Hypoglycaemia in a conscious patient is treated with 15–20 g fast carbohydrate and recheck in 15 minutes; an unconscious patient needs IV dextrose or IM glucagon 1 mg.

Naegele's rule: estimated delivery date = first day of last menstrual period plus 7 days minus 3 months, adding a year if needed.

Normal fetal heart rate is 110–160 beats/min; early decelerations mirror contractions and are benign, variable decelerations suggest cord compression, and late decelerations indicate uteroplacental insufficiency.

Postpartum haemorrhage is over 500 mL after vaginal birth or over 1,000 mL after caesarean; the four T causes are tone (atony), trauma, tissue, and thrombin.

Preeclampsia is blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg after 20 weeks plus proteinuria ≥300 mg/24 h or organ dysfunction; severe features include BP ≥160/110 and platelets under 100,000.

Magnesium sulphate for eclampsia: loading dose 4–6 g IV, then 1–2 g/h; monitor reflexes, respiration at least 12/min, and urine output at least 30 mL/h; antidote is calcium gluconate.

APGAR is scored at 1 and 5 minutes on appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration; 7–10 is normal, 4–6 moderately depressed, and 0–3 severely depressed.

Menstrual cycle: follicular phase days 1–14 under oestrogen, ovulation around day 14, and luteal phase days 15–28 under progesterone from the corpus luteum.

Typical-use contraceptive failure rates per year are about 7–9% for combined oral pills, under 1% for copper IUDs, and 13–18% for male condoms.

Normal infant pulse is 100–160/min with respiration 30–60/min; preschool pulse is 80–120/min with respiration 20–30/min; school-age pulse is 70–120/min.

Birth weight doubles by 5–6 months and triples by 12 months; length increases about 25 cm in the first year, and head circumference equals chest circumference by 1 year.

Paediatric maintenance fluid (Holliday-Segar): 100 mL/kg/day for the first 10 kg, 50 mL/kg/day for the next 10 kg, and 20 mL/kg/day for each kg above 20 kg.

Dehydration severity by weight loss: mild under 5%, moderate 5–10%, severe over 10%; oral rehydration solution is first-line for mild to moderate dehydration.

India's Universal Immunisation Programme gives BCG, OPV-0, and hepatitis B at birth, pentavalent and OPV at 6, 10, and 14 weeks, and measles-rubella at 9–12 months.

Kawasaki disease is fever over 5 days with conjunctivitis, mucosal changes, rash, extremity changes, and cervical lymphadenopathy; give IV immunoglobulin and aspirin to prevent coronary aneurysms.

Physiological neonatal jaundice appears after 24 hours, peaks at days 3–5, and resolves within 2 weeks; jaundice within 24 hours suggests a pathological cause.

Childhood nephrotic syndrome shows heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminaemia, oedema, and hyperlipidaemia; minimal change disease is most common and responds to corticosteroids.

Therapeutic communication uses silence, active listening, open-ended questions, reflection, and clarification; false reassurance, advice giving, and changing the subject are non-therapeutic.

Schizophrenia requires continuous signs for at least 6 months with active symptoms for at least 1 month; positive symptoms respond better to antipsychotics than negative symptoms.

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome causes rigidity, hyperthermia, altered consciousness, and raised creatine kinase; stop the antipsychotic and give dantrolene or bromocriptine.

Serotonin syndrome causes clonus, hyperreflexia, agitation, and hyperthermia; stop the serotonergic drug and give benzodiazepines, with cyproheptadine in severe cases.

Lithium's therapeutic serum level is 0.6–1.2 mEq/L; toxicity causes tremor, vomiting, ataxia, and confusion; avoid thiazides and NSAIDs and monitor sodium and fluids.

PHQ-9 severity: 5–9 mild, 10–14 moderate, 15–19 moderately severe, and 20–27 severe; suicidality must be assessed separately at every contact.

Alcohol withdrawal timeline: tremor at 6–12 hours, hallucinations at 12–24 hours, seizures at 12–48 hours, and delirium tremens at 48–96 hours; treat with benzodiazepines and thiamine.

India's Mental Healthcare Act 2017 provides advance directives, nominated representatives, regulated admission, and decriminalises attempted suicide.

Primary prevention includes immunisation, health education, and sanitation; secondary prevention is screening and early treatment; tertiary prevention is rehabilitation and disability limitation.

Incidence counts new cases over a period; prevalence counts all existing cases; an attack rate is the proportion of exposed people who become ill.

Sensitivity = true positives / (true positives + false negatives); specificity = true negatives / (true negatives + false positives); predictive value depends on prevalence.

Herd immunity threshold = 1 − 1/R0; measles with R0 of 12–18 needs about 92–95% coverage, and polio with R0 of 5–7 needs about 80–86%.

Infant mortality rate = (deaths under 1 year / live births in the same year) × 1,000; maternal mortality ratio = (maternal deaths / live births) × 100,000.

Cold chain: OPV and measles vaccine are kept at −20 °C, BCG at −20 °C to −8 °C, and most other vaccines at 2–8 °C; DPT and hepatitis B must not be frozen.

A home visit proceeds through rapport building, family and environmental assessment, joint planning, implementation of care and education, and recording and evaluation in a family folder.

RMNCH+A and NPCDCS are national Indian programmes covering reproductive, maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health and non-communicable disease control.

Bloom's cognitive domain runs knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation; measurable objectives use action verbs such as define, calculate, and demonstrate.

A lesson plan states objectives, content, teaching-learning activities, audiovisual aids, time allocation, and evaluation methods.

True experimental designs have randomisation, control, and manipulation; quasi-experimental designs lack randomisation; cohort studies follow exposure to outcome, and case-control studies start from outcome.

Levels of evidence from highest to lowest: systematic reviews and meta-analyses, randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, case reports, expert opinion.

Cronbach's alpha of 0.70 or above indicates acceptable internal consistency; validity types are content, criterion, and construct.

Research ethics require informed consent, autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, confidentiality, the right to withdraw, and ethics committee approval.

Sample size for prevalence studies is n = Z²pq/d²; probability sampling includes simple random, stratified, cluster, and systematic methods.

Nursing administration follows POSDCORB: planning, organising, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting, and budgeting; intensive care ratios are commonly 1:1 and general wards 1:4–6.

Acute coronary syndrome initial management: morphine, oxygen only if SpO2 is under 90%, nitroglycerin unless systolic BP is under 90 mmHg, chewed aspirin, and a beta-blocker.

Troponin stays elevated 7–14 days after infarction, while CK-MB normalises by 48–72 hours and is therefore used to detect reinfarction.

Hyperkalaemia treatment sequence: IV calcium gluconate for membrane stabilisation, insulin with glucose to shift potassium intracellularly, and salbutamol as adjunct.

Diabetic ketoacidosis: give isotonic saline first, then insulin at 0.1 U/kg/h, and add potassium replacement once K+ is below 5.2 mEq/L with adequate urine output.

Stroke thrombolysis window is 3–4.5 hours; CT must exclude haemorrhage, and blood pressure must be under 185/110 mmHg before alteplase.

Left heart failure signs are pulmonary oedema, orthopnoea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea, and pink frothy sputum; right heart failure signs are raised JVP, hepatomegaly, and oedema.

Chronic kidney disease stage 4 is eGFR 15–29 mL/min/1.73 m² and stage 5 is under 15, requiring dialysis or transplant.

In at-risk chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, target SpO2 88–92% and watch for CO2 retention marked by drowsiness and confusion.

First stage of labour runs from onset to full cervical dilatation; second stage runs from full dilatation to birth; third stage runs from birth to placental expulsion, normally within 30 minutes.

Late decelerations indicate uteroplacental insufficiency, variable decelerations indicate cord compression, and early decelerations are benign head-compression patterns.

Postpartum haemorrhage causes are the four T's: tone (uterine atony, most common), trauma, tissue (retained placenta), and thrombin (coagulopathy).

Preeclampsia with severe features includes BP ≥160/110 mmHg, platelets under 100,000, elevated liver enzymes, and renal insufficiency after 20 weeks.

Magnesium sulphate toxicity is monitored by deep tendon reflexes, respiratory rate of at least 12/min, and urine output of at least 30 mL/h; give calcium gluconate as antidote.

APGAR components are appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration, each scored 0–2 at 1 and 5 minutes; 7–10 is normal.

The luteal phase runs days 15–28 under progesterone; the corpus luteum regresses if implantation does not occur, triggering menstruation.

Copper IUDs have under 1% typical-use failure per year, combined oral pills about 7–9%, and male condoms about 13–18%.

Newborn pulse is 100–160/min with respiration 30–60/min; preschool pulse is 80–120/min with respiration 20–30/min; school-age pulse is 70–120/min with respiration 18–25/min.

Infant weight doubles by 5–6 months and triples by 12 months; length increases about 25 cm in the first year; head circumference equals chest circumference at 1 year.

Holliday-Segar maintenance: 100 mL/kg/day for the first 10 kg, 50 mL/kg/day for the next 10 kg, and 20 mL/kg/day for each kg above 20 kg.

Dehydration severity: mild under 5% weight loss, moderate 5–10%, severe over 10%; ORS is first-line for mild to moderate dehydration.

Kawasaki disease needs fever over 5 days plus four of five features: conjunctivitis, mucosal changes, rash, extremity changes, and cervical lymphadenopathy; treat with IV immunoglobulin and aspirin.

Physiological neonatal jaundice appears after 24 hours, peaks at days 3–5, and resolves within 2 weeks; jaundice within 24 hours is pathological.

Nephrotic syndrome in children shows proteinuria, hypoalbuminaemia, oedema, and hyperlipidaemia; minimal change disease responds to corticosteroids.

India's immunisation schedule includes BCG, OPV-0, and hepatitis B at birth, pentavalent and OPV at 6, 10, and 14 weeks, and measles-rubella at 9–12 months.

Therapeutic communication techniques include silence, active listening, open-ended questions, reflection, restating, and clarification; false reassurance and advice giving are non-therapeutic.

Schizophrenia diagnosis requires continuous signs for at least 6 months with active symptoms for at least 1 month; negative symptoms respond poorly to antipsychotics.

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome presents with rigidity, hyperthermia, autonomic instability, altered consciousness, and raised creatine kinase; stop the drug and give dantrolene or bromocriptine.

Serotonin syndrome presents with clonus, hyperreflexia, agitation, tremor, and hyperthermia; stop the serotonergic agent and give benzodiazepines, adding cyproheptadine if severe.

Lithium therapeutic range is 0.6–1.2 mEq/L; toxicity causes tremor, vomiting, ataxia, and confusion; avoid thiazide diuretics and NSAIDs.

PHQ-9 scoring: 5–9 mild, 10–14 moderate, 15–19 moderately severe, 20–27 severe; assess suicide risk separately at each contact.

Alcohol withdrawal progresses from tremor at 6–12 hours to hallucinations at 12–24 hours, seizures at 12–48 hours, and delirium tremens at 48–96 hours; treat with benzodiazepines and thiamine.

Anorexia nervosa involves low body weight with BMI under 18.5, fear of weight gain, and amenorrhoea; bulimia nervosa involves binge-purge cycles at normal weight.

Primary prevention includes immunisation, health education, and sanitation; secondary prevention is screening and early treatment; tertiary prevention is rehabilitation and disability limitation.

Incidence counts new cases over a period; prevalence counts all existing cases; attack rate is the proportion of exposed people who become ill.

Sensitivity = true positives / (true positives + false negatives); specificity = true negatives / (true negatives + false positives); predictive value depends on prevalence.

Herd immunity threshold = 1 − 1/R0; measles with R0 of 12–18 needs about 92–95% coverage, and polio with R0 of 5–7 needs about 80–86%.

Infant mortality rate = (deaths under 1 year / live births in the same year) × 1,000; maternal mortality ratio = (maternal deaths / live births) × 100,000.

Cold chain: OPV and measles vaccine are kept at −20 °C, BCG at −20 °C to −8 °C, and most other vaccines at 2–8 °C; DPT and hepatitis B must not be frozen.

A home visit proceeds through rapport building, family and environmental assessment, joint planning, implementation of care and education, and recording and evaluation in a family folder.

RMNCH+A and NPCDCS are national Indian programmes covering reproductive, maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health and non-communicable disease control.

Bloom's cognitive domain runs knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation; measurable objectives use action verbs such as define, calculate, and demonstrate.

A lesson plan states objectives, content, teaching-learning activities, audiovisual aids, time allocation, and evaluation methods.

True experimental designs have randomisation, control, and manipulation; quasi-experimental designs lack randomisation; cohort studies follow exposure to outcome, and case-control studies start from outcome.

Levels of evidence from highest to lowest: systematic reviews and meta-analyses, randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, case reports, expert opinion.

Cronbach's alpha of 0.70 or above indicates acceptable internal consistency; validity types are content, criterion, and construct.

Research ethics require informed consent, autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, confidentiality, the right to withdraw, and ethics committee approval.

Sample size for prevalence studies is n = Z²pq/d²; probability sampling includes simple random, stratified, cluster, and systematic methods.

Nursing administration follows POSDCORB: planning, organising, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting, and budgeting; intensive care ratios are commonly 1:1 and general wards 1:4–6.

Normal adult vital signs: temperature 36.5–37.5 °C orally, pulse 60–100/min, respiration 12–20/min, blood pressure under 120/80 mmHg, SpO2 95–100% on room air.

Pressure injury staging: stage 1 is non-blanchable erythema of intact skin; stage 2 is partial-thickness loss with dermis exposed; stage 3 is full-thickness loss with fat visible; stage 4 exposes fascia, muscle, or bone.

Wound healing phases run from haemostasis through inflammation (days 1–4), proliferation (days 4–21), and maturation (up to 1–2 years), reaching about 80% of original tensile strength.

Intramuscular injection maximum volumes: ventrogluteal up to 3 mL, dorsogluteal up to 4 mL, deltoid up to 1 mL; the vastus lateralis is preferred in infants.

Oliguria is urine output under 400 mL/day or under 0.5 mL/kg/h; anuria is under 100 mL/day; normal adult output is 1,500–2,000 mL/day.

Isotonic fluids such as 0.9% saline expand extracellular volume; hypotonic 0.45% saline moves water into cells; hypertonic 3% saline or 20% mannitol draws water out of cells.

The WHO five moments for hand hygiene cover before patient contact, before aseptic procedure, after body fluid exposure, after patient contact, and after touching patient surroundings.

A sterile field is contaminated by contact with any non-sterile object, by items held below waist level, or by items outside the nurse's field of vision.

Troponin rises 3–6 hours after myocardial infarction and stays elevated for 7–14 days; CK-MB rises at 4–6 hours and normalises by 48–72 hours, so it detects reinfarction.

Heart failure: left-sided failure produces pulmonary oedema, orthopnoea, and pink frothy sputum; right-sided failure produces raised JVP, hepatomegaly, ascites, and dependent oedema.

Diabetic ketoacidosis criteria: glucose above 250 mg/dL, pH under 7.30, bicarbonate under 18 mEq/L, and ketonaemia; start isotonic saline, then insulin infusion at 0.1 U/kg/h.

Hyperkalaemia ECG changes progress from peaked T waves to prolonged PR, widened QRS, and sine wave; give IV calcium gluconate first for cardiac protection.

Ischaemic stroke thrombolysis is considered within 3–4.5 hours of onset after CT excludes haemorrhage; blood pressure must be below 185/110 mmHg before alteplase.

Chronic kidney disease stages by eGFR: stage 3a is 45–59, stage 3b is 30–44, stage 4 is 15–29, and stage 5 is under 15 mL/min/1.73 m².

In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with CO2 retention risk, target SpO2 88–92% and monitor for drowsiness, confusion, and rising CO2.

Hypoglycaemia in a conscious patient is treated with 15–20 g fast carbohydrate and recheck in 15 minutes; an unconscious patient needs IV dextrose or IM glucagon 1 mg.

Naegele's rule: estimated delivery date = first day of last menstrual period plus 7 days minus 3 months, adding a year if needed.

Normal fetal heart rate is 110–160 beats/min; early decelerations mirror contractions and are benign, variable decelerations suggest cord compression, and late decelerations indicate uteroplacental insufficiency.

Postpartum haemorrhage is over 500 mL after vaginal birth or over 1,000 mL after caesarean; the four T causes are tone (atony), trauma, tissue, and thrombin.

Preeclampsia is blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg after 20 weeks plus proteinuria ≥300 mg/24 h or organ dysfunction; severe features include BP ≥160/110 and platelets under 100,000.

Magnesium sulphate for eclampsia: loading dose 4–6 g IV, then 1–2 g/h; monitor reflexes, respiration at least 12/min, and urine output at least 30 mL/h; antidote is calcium gluconate.

APGAR is scored at 1 and 5 minutes on appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration; 7–10 is normal, 4–6 moderately depressed, and 0–3 severely depressed.

Menstrual cycle: follicular phase days 1–14 under oestrogen, ovulation around day 14, and luteal phase days 15–28 under progesterone from the corpus luteum.

Typical-use contraceptive failure rates per year are about 7–9% for combined oral pills, under 1% for copper IUDs, and 13–18% for male condoms.

Normal infant pulse is 100–160/min with respiration 30–60/min; preschool pulse is 80–120/min with respiration 20–30/min; school-age pulse is 70–120/min.

Birth weight doubles by 5–6 months and triples by 12 months; length increases about 25 cm in the first year, and head circumference equals chest circumference by 1 year.

Paediatric maintenance fluid (Holliday-Segar): 100 mL/kg/day for the first 10 kg, 50 mL/kg/day for the next 10 kg, and 20 mL/kg/day for each kg above 20 kg.

Dehydration severity by weight loss: mild under 5%, moderate 5–10%, severe over 10%; oral rehydration solution is first-line for mild to moderate dehydration.

India's Universal Immunisation Programme gives BCG, OPV-0, and hepatitis B at birth, pentavalent and OPV at 6, 10, and 14 weeks, and measles-rubella at 9–12 months.

Kawasaki disease is fever over 5 days with conjunctivitis, mucosal changes, rash, extremity changes, and cervical lymphadenopathy; give IV immunoglobulin and aspirin to prevent coronary aneurysms.

Physiological neonatal jaundice appears after 24 hours, peaks at days 3–5, and resolves within 2 weeks; jaundice within 24 hours suggests a pathological cause.

Childhood nephrotic syndrome shows heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminaemia, oedema, and hyperlipidaemia; minimal change disease is most common and responds to corticosteroids.

Therapeutic communication uses silence, active listening, open-ended questions, reflection, and clarification; false reassurance, advice giving, and changing the subject are non-therapeutic.

Schizophrenia requires continuous signs for at least 6 months with active symptoms for at least 1 month; positive symptoms respond better to antipsychotics than negative symptoms.

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome causes rigidity, hyperthermia, altered consciousness, and raised creatine kinase; stop the antipsychotic and give dantrolene or bromocriptine.

Serotonin syndrome causes clonus, hyperreflexia, agitation, and hyperthermia; stop the serotonergic drug and give benzodiazepines, with cyproheptadine in severe cases.

Lithium's therapeutic serum level is 0.6–1.2 mEq/L; toxicity causes tremor, vomiting, ataxia, and confusion; avoid thiazides and NSAIDs and monitor sodium and fluids.

PHQ-9 severity: 5–9 mild, 10–14 moderate, 15–19 moderately severe, and 20–27 severe; suicidality must be assessed separately at every contact.

Alcohol withdrawal timeline: tremor at 6–12 hours, hallucinations at 12–24 hours, seizures at 12–48 hours, and delirium tremens at 48–96 hours; treat with benzodiazepines and thiamine.

India's Mental Healthcare Act 2017 provides advance directives, nominated representatives, regulated admission, and decriminalises attempted suicide.

Primary prevention includes immunisation, health education, and sanitation; secondary prevention is screening and early treatment; tertiary prevention is rehabilitation and disability limitation.

Incidence counts new cases over a period; prevalence counts all existing cases; an attack rate is the proportion of exposed people who become ill.

Sensitivity = true positives / (true positives + false negatives); specificity = true negatives / (true negatives + false positives); predictive value depends on prevalence.

Herd immunity threshold = 1 − 1/R0; measles with R0 of 12–18 needs about 92–95% coverage, and polio with R0 of 5–7 needs about 80–86%.

Infant mortality rate = (deaths under 1 year / live births in the same year) × 1,000; maternal mortality ratio = (maternal deaths / live births) × 100,000.

Cold chain: OPV and measles vaccine are kept at −20 °C, BCG at −20 °C to −8 °C, and most other vaccines at 2–8 °C; DPT and hepatitis B must not be frozen.

A home visit proceeds through rapport building, family and environmental assessment, joint planning, implementation of care and education, and recording and evaluation in a family folder.

RMNCH+A and NPCDCS are national Indian programmes covering reproductive, maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health and non-communicable disease control.

Bloom's cognitive domain runs knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation; measurable objectives use action verbs such as define, calculate, and demonstrate.

A lesson plan states objectives, content, teaching-learning activities, audiovisual aids, time allocation, and evaluation methods.

True experimental designs have randomisation, control, and manipulation; quasi-experimental designs lack randomisation; cohort studies follow exposure to outcome, and case-control studies start from outcome.

Levels of evidence from highest to lowest: systematic reviews and meta-analyses, randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, case reports, expert opinion.

Cronbach's alpha of 0.70 or above indicates acceptable internal consistency; validity types are content, criterion, and construct.

Research ethics require informed consent, autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, confidentiality, the right to withdraw, and ethics committee approval.

Sample size for prevalence studies is n = Z²pq/d²; probability sampling includes simple random, stratified, cluster, and systematic methods.

Nursing administration follows POSDCORB: planning, organising, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting, and budgeting; intensive care ratios are commonly 1:1 and general wards 1:4–6.

Normal adult vital signs: temperature 36.5–37.5 °C orally, pulse 60–100/min, respiration 12–20/min, blood pressure under 120/80 mmHg, SpO2 95–100% on room air.

Pressure injury staging: stage 1 is non-blanchable erythema of intact skin; stage 2 is partial-thickness loss with dermis exposed; stage 3 is full-thickness loss with fat visible; stage 4 exposes fascia, muscle, or bone.

Wound healing phases run from haemostasis through inflammation (days 1–4), proliferation (days 4–21), and maturation (up to 1–2 years), reaching about 80% of original tensile strength.

Intramuscular injection maximum volumes: ventrogluteal up to 3 mL, dorsogluteal up to 4 mL, deltoid up to 1 mL; the vastus lateralis is preferred in infants.

Oliguria is urine output under 400 mL/day or under 0.5 mL/kg/h; anuria is under 100 mL/day; normal adult output is 1,500–2,000 mL/day.

Isotonic fluids such as 0.9% saline expand extracellular volume; hypotonic 0.45% saline moves water into cells; hypertonic 3% saline or 20% mannitol draws water out of cells.

The WHO five moments for hand hygiene cover before patient contact, before aseptic procedure, after body fluid exposure, after patient contact, and after touching patient surroundings.

A sterile field is contaminated by contact with any non-sterile object, by items held below waist level, or by items outside the nurse's field of vision.

Troponin rises 3–6 hours after myocardial infarction and stays elevated for 7–14 days; CK-MB rises at 4–6 hours and normalises by 48–72 hours, so it detects reinfarction.

Heart failure: left-sided failure produces pulmonary oedema, orthopnoea, and pink frothy sputum; right-sided failure produces raised JVP, hepatomegaly, ascites, and dependent oedema.

Diabetic ketoacidosis criteria: glucose above 250 mg/dL, pH under 7.30, bicarbonate under 18 mEq/L, and ketonaemia; start isotonic saline, then insulin infusion at 0.1 U/kg/h.

Hyperkalaemia ECG changes progress from peaked T waves to prolonged PR, widened QRS, and sine wave; give IV calcium gluconate first for cardiac protection.

Ischaemic stroke thrombolysis is considered within 3–4.5 hours of onset after CT excludes haemorrhage; blood pressure must be below 185/110 mmHg before alteplase.

Chronic kidney disease stages by eGFR: stage 3a is 45–59, stage 3b is 30–44, stage 4 is 15–29, and stage 5 is under 15 mL/min/1.73 m².

In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with CO2 retention risk, target SpO2 88–92% and monitor for drowsiness, confusion, and rising CO2.

Hypoglycaemia in a conscious patient is treated with 15–20 g fast carbohydrate and recheck in 15 minutes; an unconscious patient needs IV dextrose or IM glucagon 1 mg.

Naegele's rule: estimated delivery date = first day of last menstrual period plus 7 days minus 3 months, adding a year if needed.

Normal fetal heart rate is 110–160 beats/min; early decelerations mirror contractions and are benign, variable decelerations suggest cord compression, and late decelerations indicate uteroplacental insufficiency.

Postpartum haemorrhage is over 500 mL after vaginal birth or over 1,000 mL after caesarean; the four T causes are tone (atony), trauma, tissue, and thrombin.

Preeclampsia is blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg after 20 weeks plus proteinuria ≥300 mg/24 h or organ dysfunction; severe features include BP ≥160/110 and platelets under 100,000.

Magnesium sulphate for eclampsia: loading dose 4–6 g IV, then 1–2 g/h; monitor reflexes, respiration at least 12/min, and urine output at least 30 mL/h; antidote is calcium gluconate.

APGAR is scored at 1 and 5 minutes on appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration; 7–10 is normal, 4–6 moderately depressed, and 0–3 severely depressed.

Menstrual cycle: follicular phase days 1–14 under oestrogen, ovulation around day 14, and luteal phase days 15–28 under progesterone from the corpus luteum.

Typical-use contraceptive failure rates per year are about 7–9% for combined oral pills, under 1% for copper IUDs, and 13–18% for male condoms.

Normal infant pulse is 100–160/min with respiration 30–60/min; preschool pulse is 80–120/min with respiration 20–30/min; school-age pulse is 70–120/min.

Birth weight doubles by 5–6 months and triples by 12 months; length increases about 25 cm in the first year, and head circumference equals chest circumference by 1 year.

Paediatric maintenance fluid (Holliday-Segar): 100 mL/kg/day for the first 10 kg, 50 mL/kg/day for the next 10 kg, and 20 mL/kg/day for each kg above 20 kg.

Dehydration severity by weight loss: mild under 5%, moderate 5–10%, severe over 10%; oral rehydration solution is first-line for mild to moderate dehydration.

India's Universal Immunisation Programme gives BCG, OPV-0, and hepatitis B at birth, pentavalent and OPV at 6, 10, and 14 weeks, and measles-rubella at 9–12 months.

Kawasaki disease is fever over 5 days with conjunctivitis, mucosal changes, rash, extremity changes, and cervical lymphadenopathy; give IV immunoglobulin and aspirin to prevent coronary aneurysms.

Physiological neonatal jaundice appears after 24 hours, peaks at days 3–5, and resolves within 2 weeks; jaundice within 24 hours suggests a pathological cause.

Childhood nephrotic syndrome shows heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminaemia, oedema, and hyperlipidaemia; minimal change disease is most common and responds to corticosteroids.

Therapeutic communication uses silence, active listening, open-ended questions, reflection, and clarification; false reassurance, advice giving, and changing the subject are non-therapeutic.

Schizophrenia requires continuous signs for at least 6 months with active symptoms for at least 1 month; positive symptoms respond better to antipsychotics than negative symptoms.

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome causes rigidity, hyperthermia, altered consciousness, and raised creatine kinase; stop the antipsychotic and give dantrolene or bromocriptine.

Serotonin syndrome causes clonus, hyperreflexia, agitation, and hyperthermia; stop the serotonergic drug and give benzodiazepines, with cyproheptadine in severe cases.

Lithium's therapeutic serum level is 0.6–1.2 mEq/L; toxicity causes tremor, vomiting, ataxia, and confusion; avoid thiazides and NSAIDs and monitor sodium and fluids.

PHQ-9 severity: 5–9 mild, 10–14 moderate, 15–19 moderately severe, and 20–27 severe; suicidality must be assessed separately at every contact.

Alcohol withdrawal timeline: tremor at 6–12 hours, hallucinations at 12–24 hours, seizures at 12–48 hours, and delirium tremens at 48–96 hours; treat with benzodiazepines and thiamine.

India's Mental Healthcare Act 2017 provides advance directives, nominated representatives, regulated admission, and decriminalises attempted suicide.

Primary prevention includes immunisation, health education, and sanitation; secondary prevention is screening and early treatment; tertiary prevention is rehabilitation and disability limitation.

Incidence counts new cases over a period; prevalence counts all existing cases; an attack rate is the proportion of exposed people who become ill.

Sensitivity = true positives / (true positives + false negatives); specificity = true negatives / (true negatives + false positives); predictive value depends on prevalence.

Herd immunity threshold = 1 − 1/R0; measles with R0 of 12–18 needs about 92–95% coverage, and polio with R0 of 5–7 needs about 80–86%.

Infant mortality rate = (deaths under 1 year / live births in the same year) × 1,000; maternal mortality ratio = (maternal deaths / live births) × 100,000.

Cold chain: OPV and measles vaccine are kept at −20 °C, BCG at −20 °C to −8 °C, and most other vaccines at 2–8 °C; DPT and hepatitis B must not be frozen.

A home visit proceeds through rapport building, family and environmental assessment, joint planning, implementation of care and education, and recording and evaluation in a family folder.

RMNCH+A and NPCDCS are national Indian programmes covering reproductive, maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health and non-communicable disease control.

Bloom's cognitive domain runs knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation; measurable objectives use action verbs such as define, calculate, and demonstrate.

A lesson plan states objectives, content, teaching-learning activities, audiovisual aids, time allocation, and evaluation methods.

True experimental designs have randomisation, control, and manipulation; quasi-experimental designs lack randomisation; cohort studies follow exposure to outcome, and case-control studies start from outcome.

Levels of evidence from highest to lowest: systematic reviews and meta-analyses, randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, case reports, expert opinion.

Cronbach's alpha of 0.70 or above indicates acceptable internal consistency; validity types are content, criterion, and construct.

Research ethics require informed consent, autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, confidentiality, the right to withdraw, and ethics committee approval.

Sample size for prevalence studies is n = Z²pq/d²; probability sampling includes simple random, stratified, cluster, and systematic methods.

Nursing administration follows POSDCORB: planning, organising, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting, and budgeting; intensive care ratios are commonly 1:1 and general wards 1:4–6.

Acute coronary syndrome initial management: morphine, oxygen only if SpO2 is under 90%, nitroglycerin unless systolic BP is under 90 mmHg, chewed aspirin, and a beta-blocker.

Troponin stays elevated 7–14 days after infarction, while CK-MB normalises by 48–72 hours and is therefore used to detect reinfarction.

Hyperkalaemia treatment sequence: IV calcium gluconate for membrane stabilisation, insulin with glucose to shift potassium intracellularly, and salbutamol as adjunct.

Diabetic ketoacidosis: give isotonic saline first, then insulin at 0.1 U/kg/h, and add potassium replacement once K+ is below 5.2 mEq/L with adequate urine output.

Stroke thrombolysis window is 3–4.5 hours; CT must exclude haemorrhage, and blood pressure must be under 185/110 mmHg before alteplase.

Left heart failure signs are pulmonary oedema, orthopnoea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea, and pink frothy sputum; right heart failure signs are raised JVP, hepatomegaly, and oedema.

Chronic kidney disease stage 4 is eGFR 15–29 mL/min/1.73 m² and stage 5 is under 15, requiring dialysis or transplant.

In at-risk chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, target SpO2 88–92% and watch for CO2 retention marked by drowsiness and confusion.

First stage of labour runs from onset to full cervical dilatation; second stage runs from full dilatation to birth; third stage runs from birth to placental expulsion, normally within 30 minutes.

Late decelerations indicate uteroplacental insufficiency, variable decelerations indicate cord compression, and early decelerations are benign head-compression patterns.

Postpartum haemorrhage causes are the four T's: tone (uterine atony, most common), trauma, tissue (retained placenta), and thrombin (coagulopathy).

Preeclampsia with severe features includes BP ≥160/110 mmHg, platelets under 100,000, elevated liver enzymes, and renal insufficiency after 20 weeks.

Magnesium sulphate toxicity is monitored by deep tendon reflexes, respiratory rate of at least 12/min, and urine output of at least 30 mL/h; give calcium gluconate as antidote.

APGAR components are appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration, each scored 0–2 at 1 and 5 minutes; 7–10 is normal.

The luteal phase runs days 15–28 under progesterone; the corpus luteum regresses if implantation does not occur, triggering menstruation.

Copper IUDs have under 1% typical-use failure per year, combined oral pills about 7–9%, and male condoms about 13–18%.

Newborn pulse is 100–160/min with respiration 30–60/min; preschool pulse is 80–120/min with respiration 20–30/min; school-age pulse is 70–120/min with respiration 18–25/min.

Infant weight doubles by 5–6 months and triples by 12 months; length increases about 25 cm in the first year; head circumference equals chest circumference at 1 year.

Holliday-Segar maintenance: 100 mL/kg/day for the first 10 kg, 50 mL/kg/day for the next 10 kg, and 20 mL/kg/day for each kg above 20 kg.

Dehydration severity: mild under 5% weight loss, moderate 5–10%, severe over 10%; ORS is first-line for mild to moderate dehydration.

Kawasaki disease needs fever over 5 days plus four of five features: conjunctivitis, mucosal changes, rash, extremity changes, and cervical lymphadenopathy; treat with IV immunoglobulin and aspirin.

Physiological neonatal jaundice appears after 24 hours, peaks at days 3–5, and resolves within 2 weeks; jaundice within 24 hours is pathological.

Nephrotic syndrome in children shows proteinuria, hypoalbuminaemia, oedema, and hyperlipidaemia; minimal change disease responds to corticosteroids.

India's immunisation schedule includes BCG, OPV-0, and hepatitis B at birth, pentavalent and OPV at 6, 10, and 14 weeks, and measles-rubella at 9–12 months.

Therapeutic communication techniques include silence, active listening, open-ended questions, reflection, restating, and clarification; false reassurance and advice giving are non-therapeutic.

Schizophrenia diagnosis requires continuous signs for at least 6 months with active symptoms for at least 1 month; negative symptoms respond poorly to antipsychotics.

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome presents with rigidity, hyperthermia, autonomic instability, altered consciousness, and raised creatine kinase; stop the drug and give dantrolene or bromocriptine.

Serotonin syndrome presents with clonus, hyperreflexia, agitation, tremor, and hyperthermia; stop the serotonergic agent and give benzodiazepines, adding cyproheptadine if severe.

Lithium therapeutic range is 0.6–1.2 mEq/L; toxicity causes tremor, vomiting, ataxia, and confusion; avoid thiazide diuretics and NSAIDs.

PHQ-9 scoring: 5–9 mild, 10–14 moderate, 15–19 moderately severe, 20–27 severe; assess suicide risk separately at each contact.

Alcohol withdrawal progresses from tremor at 6–12 hours to hallucinations at 12–24 hours, seizures at 12–48 hours, and delirium tremens at 48–96 hours; treat with benzodiazepines and thiamine.

Anorexia nervosa involves low body weight with BMI under 18.5, fear of weight gain, and amenorrhoea; bulimia nervosa involves binge-purge cycles at normal weight.

Primary prevention includes immunisation, health education, and sanitation; secondary prevention is screening and early treatment; tertiary prevention is rehabilitation and disability limitation.

Incidence counts new cases over a period; prevalence counts all existing cases; attack rate is the proportion of exposed people who become ill.

Sensitivity = true positives / (true positives + false negatives); specificity = true negatives / (true negatives + false positives); predictive value depends on prevalence.

Herd immunity threshold = 1 − 1/R0; measles with R0 of 12–18 needs about 92–95% coverage, and polio with R0 of 5–7 needs about 80–86%.

Infant mortality rate = (deaths under 1 year / live births in the same year) × 1,000; maternal mortality ratio = (maternal deaths / live births) × 100,000.

Cold chain: OPV and measles vaccine are kept at −20 °C, BCG at −20 °C to −8 °C, and most other vaccines at 2–8 °C; DPT and hepatitis B must not be frozen.

A home visit proceeds through rapport building, family and environmental assessment, joint planning, implementation of care and education, and recording and evaluation in a family folder.

RMNCH+A and NPCDCS are national Indian programmes covering reproductive, maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health and non-communicable disease control.

Bloom's cognitive domain runs knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation; measurable objectives use action verbs such as define, calculate, and demonstrate.

A lesson plan states objectives, content, teaching-learning activities, audiovisual aids, time allocation, and evaluation methods.

True experimental designs have randomisation, control, and manipulation; quasi-experimental designs lack randomisation; cohort studies follow exposure to outcome, and case-control studies start from outcome.

Levels of evidence from highest to lowest: systematic reviews and meta-analyses, randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, case reports, expert opinion.

Cronbach's alpha of 0.70 or above indicates acceptable internal consistency; validity types are content, criterion, and construct.

Research ethics require informed consent, autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, confidentiality, the right to withdraw, and ethics committee approval.

Sample size for prevalence studies is n = Z²pq/d²; probability sampling includes simple random, stratified, cluster, and systematic methods.

Nursing administration follows POSDCORB: planning, organising, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting, and budgeting; intensive care ratios are commonly 1:1 and general wards 1:4–6.