AIIMS M.Sc. Nursing flashcards

34 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Normal adult vital signs

Oral temperature 36.5–37.5 °C, pulse 60–100/min, respiration 12–20/min, blood pressure under 120/80 mmHg, and SpO2 95–100% on room air define the adult reference range.

Stage 4 pressure injury

Full-thickness skin and tissue loss exposing fascia, muscle, tendon, cartilage, or bone. Slough or eschar may be present, and the wound is at high risk of osteomyelitis.

Oliguria threshold

Urine output below 400 mL in 24 hours, or below 0.5 mL/kg/h. Anuria is output below 100 mL/day. Both require assessment of perfusion and renal function.

Intramuscular injection maximum volumes

Ventrogluteal site accepts up to 3 mL, dorsogluteal up to 4 mL, and deltoid up to 1 mL. The vastus lateralis is the preferred site for infants.

Troponin versus CK-MB timing

Troponin rises 3–6 hours after myocardial infarction and remains elevated 7–14 days. CK-MB rises at 4–6 hours but normalises by 48–72 hours, so it detects reinfarction.

Left versus right heart failure

Left-sided failure causes pulmonary oedema, orthopnoea, and pink frothy sputum. Right-sided failure causes raised JVP, hepatomegaly, ascites, and dependent peripheral oedema.

Diabetic ketoacidosis diagnostic criteria

Glucose above 250 mg/dL, arterial pH below 7.30, bicarbonate below 18 mEq/L, and ketonaemia. Treatment begins with isotonic saline followed by insulin infusion at 0.1 U/kg/h.

Stroke thrombolysis criteria

Alteplase may be given within 3–4.5 hours of ischaemic onset after CT excludes haemorrhage. Blood pressure must be below 185/110 mmHg before infusion begins.

Hyperkalaemia treatment sequence

Give IV calcium gluconate first to stabilise the myocardium, then insulin with glucose and salbutamol to shift potassium into cells, and remove potassium from the body.

Naegele's rule

Estimated delivery date equals the first day of the last menstrual period plus 7 days minus 3 months, adding a year if needed, assuming a 28-day cycle.

Late decelerations meaning

Late decelerations begin after the contraction peak and recover after it ends. They indicate uteroplacental insufficiency and fetal hypoxia, requiring repositioning and oxygen.

Four T's of postpartum haemorrhage

Tone means uterine atony and is most common; trauma means lacerations or haematoma; tissue means retained placenta; thrombin means coagulopathy. Blood loss exceeds 500 mL after vaginal birth.

Magnesium sulphate toxicity monitoring

Monitor deep tendon reflexes, respiratory rate of at least 12/min, and urine output of at least 30 mL/h. Loss of reflexes or respiratory depression signals toxicity, treated with calcium gluconate.

APGAR score components

Appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration are each scored 0–2 at 1 and 5 minutes. A total of 7–10 is normal and 0–3 indicates severe depression.

Preeclampsia severe features

Blood pressure of 160/110 mmHg or higher, platelets under 100,000, elevated liver enzymes, renal insufficiency, pulmonary oedema, or visual symptoms after 20 weeks of gestation.

Holliday-Segar maintenance fluid

Give 100 mL/kg/day for the first 10 kg, 50 mL/kg/day for the next 10 kg, and 20 mL/kg/day for each kilogram above 20 kg of body weight.

Infant weight and length milestones

Birth weight doubles by 5–6 months and triples by 12 months. Length rises about 25 cm in the first year, and head circumference equals chest circumference at 1 year.

Physiological versus pathological neonatal jaundice

Physiological jaundice appears after 24 hours, peaks at days 3–5, and resolves within 2 weeks. Jaundice within 24 hours or a rapid bilirubin rise is pathological.

Kawasaki disease features

Fever over 5 days plus conjunctivitis, oral mucosal changes, rash, extremity changes, and cervical lymphadenopathy. IV immunoglobulin and aspirin prevent coronary artery aneurysms.

Paediatric dehydration grading

Mild dehydration is under 5% weight loss, moderate is 5–10%, and severe is over 10%. Oral rehydration solution is first-line for mild to moderate cases.

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Rigidity, hyperthermia, autonomic instability, altered consciousness, and raised creatine kinase follow antipsychotic use. Stop the drug and give dantrolene or bromocriptine with supportive care.

Serotonin syndrome signs

Clonus, hyperreflexia, agitation, tremor, and hyperthermia follow serotonergic drugs. Stop the agent and give benzodiazepines, adding cyproheptadine in severe cases.

Lithium therapeutic range

Serum lithium of 0.6–1.2 mEq/L is therapeutic. Toxicity causes tremor, vomiting, ataxia, and confusion. Avoid thiazide diuretics and NSAIDs and monitor sodium and hydration.

Alcohol withdrawal timeline

Tremor and anxiety appear at 6–12 hours, hallucinations at 12–24 hours, seizures at 12–48 hours, and delirium tremens at 48–96 hours. Treat with benzodiazepines and thiamine.

Therapeutic communication techniques

Silence, active listening, open-ended questions, reflection, restating, and clarification are therapeutic. False reassurance, advice giving, and changing the subject block patient expression.

Herd immunity threshold formula

Threshold equals 1 minus 1/R0. Measles with R0 of 12–18 needs about 92–95% coverage, while polio with R0 of 5–7 needs about 80–86%.

Sensitivity and specificity formulas

Sensitivity is true positives divided by true positives plus false negatives. Specificity is true negatives divided by true negatives plus false positives. Predictive value also depends on prevalence.

Levels of prevention

Primary prevention includes immunisation, health education, and sanitation; secondary prevention is screening and early treatment; tertiary prevention is rehabilitation and limitation of disability.

Vaccine cold chain temperatures

OPV and measles vaccine are stored at −20 °C, BCG at −20 °C to −8 °C, and most other vaccines at 2–8 °C. DPT, hepatitis B, and tetanus toxoid must not be frozen.

Infant mortality rate formula

Deaths of infants under 1 year in a year divided by live births in the same year, multiplied by 1,000. It reflects maternal and child health and socioeconomic conditions.

Bloom's cognitive domain order

Knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation, from lowest to highest. Measurable objectives use action verbs such as define, calculate, and demonstrate.

Cronbach's alpha interpretation

A coefficient of 0.70 or above indicates acceptable internal consistency reliability. Validity is assessed separately as content, criterion, or construct validity.

Levels of evidence hierarchy

From highest to lowest: systematic reviews and meta-analyses, randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, case reports, and expert opinion.

Sample size for prevalence

n equals Z squared times p times q divided by d squared, where p is expected prevalence, q is 1 minus p, and d is absolute precision.