AIL LET flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Principle–fact legal aptitude format

A question states a legal principle, then a fact situation. The candidate must decide whether the facts satisfy the principle, without relying on outside statutes or memory.

Negative marking net-loss rule

If a wrong answer costs one-third of a mark and a correct answer earns one, random guessing on four-option items lowers expected score; leaving unknown items blank preserves marks.

Syllogism validity check

In categorical reasoning, a conclusion follows only if no counterexample diagram exists where premises hold and conclusion fails. Two particular premises never yield a universal conclusion.

Blood relation coded puzzles

Questions encode kinship using symbols or generations. Draw a generation tree with vertical levels for generations and horizontal links for siblings and spouses before answering.

Data interpretation in commerce stream

Tables or bar charts supply figures; questions ask percentage change, ratio, or average. Compute from the given data only, and check whether the base year changes.

Simple versus compound interest

Simple interest is principal times rate times time. Compound interest applies interest on accumulated interest each period, so it exceeds simple interest whenever more than one period elapses.

Commerce-themed comprehension passages

Reading passages may discuss budgets, trade, or corporate events. Answers must be supported by the passage text, not by outside economic knowledge or personal opinion.

Profit and loss base rule

Profit percentage is computed on cost price unless the question states otherwise. Successive discounts are applied sequentially on the reduced price, not added together.

Basic structure doctrine

Constitutional amendments cannot destroy the essential features of the Constitution. Parliament's amending power is wide but not unlimited; judicial review is treated as a basic feature.

Doctrine of basic structure test

A constitutional amendment is invalid if it damages an essential feature such as judicial review, federalism, secularism, or free and fair elections, judged on its effect.

Mens rea in criminal liability

Criminal liability generally requires a guilty mental state along with the prohibited act. General exceptions negate mens rea or justify the act, removing liability.

Substantive versus procedural law

Substantive law defines rights, duties, and offences; procedural law prescribes the mechanism for enforcement. Confusing the two in an answer signals weak conceptual grasp.

Proportionality test in privacy

State action restricting a fundamental right must pursue a legitimate aim, use a rational connection, be necessary with least restrictive means, and balance the restriction against the right.

Intermediary liability safe harbour

Platforms may be shielded from user-content liability if they satisfy due-diligence and notice-and-takedown conditions; failing those conditions removes the shield.

Data protection instrument anatomy

A data-protection law is read through its objective, scope, lawful bases, obligations of controllers, rights of data principals, regulator powers, and penalties.

AI governance policy tension

Regulating artificial intelligence balances innovation incentives against harm prevention, transparency, accountability, and non-discrimination, with ex-ante rules competing against ex-post liability.

Novelty and inventive step

Patentability requires the invention not be part of prior art and not be obvious to a skilled person. Both tests are assessed as of the filing or priority date.

Idea–expression dichotomy

Copyright protects the expression of an idea, not the idea itself. Independent creation of a similar work does not infringe if the expression was not copied.

Trademark distinctiveness spectrum

Marks range from generic and descriptive to suggestive, arbitrary, and fanciful. Greater inherent distinctiveness makes registration easier; descriptive marks need acquired distinctiveness.

TRIPS minimum standards

The WTO agreement sets floors for IP protection among members, covering subject matter, term lengths, enforcement, and dispute settlement, while leaving implementation methods to members.

Moratorium under IBC

On admission of insolvency, legal proceedings, asset transfers, and enforcement against the corporate debtor are stayed, protecting the going-concern value during resolution.

Committee of creditors control

Financial creditors form the committee that approves the resolution plan by the specified majority; operational creditors generally vote only in defined circumstances.

Avoidance transactions

Preferential transfers, undervalued transactions, extortionate credit, and fraudulent transactions occurring in look-back periods can be reversed to restore value to the estate.

Liquidation waterfall order

Proceeds pay insolvency costs first, then secured and workmen dues, then other creditors in statutory order, with residual surplus returned to shareholders.

Doctrinal versus empirical research

Doctrinal research analyses statutes and judgments; empirical research collects observable data through surveys, interviews, or experiments. The methodology must match the research question.

Research gap statement

A literature gap identifies what existing scholarship has not addressed and explains why the proposed question is worth answering, forming the justification for the study.

Plagiarism and research ethics

Unattributed use of others' work, including self-plagiarism and improper paraphrase, breaches research ethics and can lead to rejection or degree revocation.

UGC-NET exemption from written test

Candidates holding a valid JRF or equivalent fellowship may be exempted from the written admission test for Ph.D. programmes, subject to each institution's rules.

Descriptive answer structure

State the rule with its source, apply it to the facts, address counterarguments, and conclude. Structure and authority citation drive marks in written components.

CIRP timeline sequence

Application and admission, moratorium, appointment of resolution professional, claims verification, committee formation, resolution plan approval, and outcome within the statutory outer limit.

Fair dealing factors

Fair use analysis weighs purpose and character of use, nature of the work, amount used, and effect on the market, applied together rather than as a checklist.

Interview stage assessment

Interviews probe clarity of legal reasoning, awareness of current legal developments, communication, and consistency between stated interests and academic record.