AILET UG flashcards
AILET UG · Build recall with a focused review session.
32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Affect vs effect
- Affect is usually a verb meaning to influence; effect is usually a noun meaning a result. Effect as a verb means to bring about, as in effect a change.
- Dangling modifier
- A participial phrase at the start of a sentence must describe the subject of the main clause. 'Walking home, the rain began' is wrong because the rain was not walking.
- Para jumble opening clue
- The first sentence usually introduces a general idea, defines a term, or names a subject with no unresolved pronouns. Sentences beginning with 'this' or 'he' cannot open the paragraph.
- Article 32
- The right to move the Supreme Court for enforcement of Fundamental Rights. Dr B.R. Ambedkar described it as the heart and soul of the Constitution.
- 42nd Amendment
- A 1976 amendment that added 'socialist', 'secular' and 'integrity' to the Preamble and inserted Fundamental Duties in Part IVA of the Constitution.
- Directive Principles
- Guidelines in Part IV, Articles 36 to 51, directing state policy. They are not enforceable in courts but are fundamental in governance.
- NITI Aayog
- A policy think tank established in 2015 that replaced the Planning Commission. It advises on development strategy rather than allocating central plan funds.
- Bharat Ratna
- India's highest civilian award, instituted in 1954. It is given for exceptional service or performance of the highest order in any field.
- Minor's agreement
- Under the Indian Contract Act, an agreement with a minor is void ab initio. A minor may be a beneficiary but cannot be held personally liable on the contract.
- Res ipsa loquitur
- A tort rule meaning the thing speaks for itself. It shifts the burden of explanation to the defendant when the accident could not occur without negligence.
- Volenti non fit injuria
- Voluntary assumption of risk. A person who knowingly and freely consents to a risk cannot later claim damages for the resulting harm.
- Absolute liability
- A rule from M.C. Mehta holding enterprises engaged in hazardous activity strictly liable for harm, with no exceptions such as act of God or sabotage.
- Writ of mandamus
- A court order commanding a public authority to perform a legal duty owed to the petitioner. It does not lie against a private person or the President.
- Audi alteram partem
- A natural justice maxim meaning hear the other side. No person should be condemned without being given notice and a fair opportunity to respond.
- Actus reus and mens rea
- The two elements of most crimes: the guilty act and the guilty mind. Both must usually be proved, unless the statute imposes strict liability.
- Syllogism possibility rule
- A possibility conclusion is correct if at least one valid Venn arrangement of the premises makes it true, even if other arrangements make it false.
- Two particular premises
- In syllogisms, two particular premises such as 'some A are B' and 'some B are C' yield no definite conclusion about A and C.
- Facing south reversal
- In linear seating, when a person faces south, their left is the observer's right. Always fix the facing direction before placing neighbours.
- Necessary assumption
- An unstated premise the argument requires to reach its conclusion. Negating a necessary assumption destroys the argument, which is how to test options.
- Direction displacement
- After a path of right-angle turns, the straight-line distance from start equals the square root of the sum of squared net east-west and north-south displacements.
- Letter position coding
- Convert letters to numbers A=1 to Z=26, then look for constant shifts, alternating shifts, or reversal. Test the rule on a second given word.
- Successive percentage change
- A change of a percent followed by b percent equals a + b + ab/100. A 20 percent rise then a 20 percent fall gives a net 4 percent fall.
- Compound interest minus simple interest
- For two years at rate R, the difference between compound and simple interest equals P times R divided by 100, squared.
- Average speed harmonic mean
- For equal distances covered at speeds x and y, average speed is 2xy divided by x plus y, which is less than the arithmetic mean.
- Alligation rule
- To mix two components at prices cheaper and dearer to reach a mean price, the ratio is mean minus cheaper to dearer minus mean.
- Profit percentage base
- Profit percent equals profit divided by cost price times 100. Loss percent uses cost price as the base, not the selling price.
- Permutation versus combination
- Permutations count arrangements where order matters, using nPr. Combinations count selections where order does not matter, using nCr.
- At least one complement
- The probability or count of at least one occurrence equals one minus the probability or count of none occurring.
- Pythagorean triples
- Whole-number right triangles such as 3-4-5, 5-12-13, 8-15-17 and 7-24-25. Recognising them avoids full calculation in mensuration items.
- Cylinder volume
- The volume of a cylinder equals pi times the square of the radius times the height. Its curved surface area is 2 times pi times radius times height.
- Average shift rule
- Adding a constant k to every observation raises the average by k. Multiplying every observation by k multiplies the average by k.
- Free consent
- Under the Indian Contract Act, consent is free when not caused by coercion, undue influence, fraud, misrepresentation or mistake. Otherwise the contract is voidable.