AILET UG key terms

A comparison of two quantities of the same kind, written as a fraction or with a colon, showing how many times one value contains the other.

An equation stating that two ratios are equal, used to solve for an unknown quantity when four values stand in a consistent comparative relationship.

A fraction expressed out of one hundred, used to compare parts of a whole and to describe increase, decrease, profit, loss, or interest.

A technique where the value of one unit is first calculated from a known quantity, then multiplied to find the value of the required number of units.

Interest computed only on the original principal for the whole period, using the formula principal multiplied by rate multiplied by time, divided by one hundred.

Interest calculated on the principal plus previously accumulated interest, so the amount grows at each period rather than staying fixed.

The sum of a set of values divided by the number of values, giving a single representative figure for the group.

A problem type where the rate of completing a task is expressed as work per unit time, and combined rates are added to find total duration.

The speed of one moving object measured with respect to another, found by adding speeds when moving in opposite directions and subtracting when in the same direction.

Counting methods that respectively arrange items where order matters and select items where order does not matter.

A number between zero and one expressing how likely an event is, calculated as favourable outcomes divided by total equally likely outcomes.

The branch of elementary geometry dealing with measurement of lengths, areas, and volumes of plane figures and solid bodies.

A statement offered as a reason or evidence in an argument, intended to support the conclusion drawn from it.

The claim that an argument tries to establish, which should follow from the premises if the reasoning is sound.

An unstated belief that must be true for an argument's conclusion to follow from its stated premises.

A conclusion drawn from given information by reasoning, even where the conclusion is not explicitly stated in the passage.

A form of deductive reasoning with two premises sharing a common term, from which a third statement, the conclusion, is derived.

Reasoning that moves from general statements to a specific conclusion, where true premises guarantee the conclusion if the form is valid.

Reasoning that moves from particular observations to a broader generalisation, where the conclusion is probable rather than certain.

A question type asking which option makes an argument's conclusion more likely to be true by supporting its reasoning or premises.

A question type asking which option undermines an argument by attacking its premises, assumptions, or the link between them and the conclusion.

A relationship question where the link between one pair of words or items must be identified and applied to a second pair.

A reasoning task in which one item in a group is identified as different because it does not share the defining property of the others.

A sequence of numbers, letters, or figures following a rule, where the next term must be found by detecting the pattern.

Puzzle questions that describe family links in coded or indirect language and ask how two named persons are related.

Puzzles tracking movement in terms of north, south, east, and west, requiring the final position or facing direction to be worked out.

Puzzles where people must be placed in rows or around a table using clues about who sits beside, opposite, or to the left of whom.

The legal principle or rule on which a court's decision actually rests, which binds lower courts in later similar cases.

Remarks made by a judge that are incidental to the decision and not essential to it, so they carry persuasive but not binding authority.

A previously decided case that serves as an authority for deciding later cases involving similar facts or legal issues.

The doctrine that courts should stand by decided matters and follow earlier rulings, promoting certainty and consistency in the law.

The right of a person to bring an action before a court because they have a sufficient legal interest in the matter.

A writ ordering that a detained person be brought before the court so the legality of the detention can be examined.

A writ issued to compel a public authority or officer to perform a legal duty that it has failed or refused to perform.

Litigation filed for the protection of public or community interests, often by a person not directly affected, with relaxed procedural requirements.

The guilty state of mind required for a criminal offence, such as intention, knowledge, or recklessness at the time of the act.

The physical element of a crime, meaning the prohibited act or omission itself, as distinct from the mental element.

A civil wrong independent of contract that causes harm or loss to another and gives the injured party a right to compensation.

A failure to take reasonable care, established by showing a duty of care, a breach of that duty, and resulting damage.

The constitutional structure and functioning of a state, including its institutions, distribution of powers, and governing principles.

A system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and constituent regional units, each with defined jurisdiction.

The division of governmental authority among the legislature, executive, and judiciary so that no single organ holds unchecked power.

The power of courts to examine laws and executive actions and declare them invalid if they violate the constitution.

The principle that certain fundamental features of a constitution cannot be altered even by constitutional amendment.

A legislative arrangement with two chambers, typically representing the people directly in one house and states or regions in the other.

A proposed law dealing only with taxation, borrowing, or public expenditure, which can be introduced only in the lower house.

A word that has the same or nearly the same meaning as another word in a given context.

A word whose meaning is directly opposite to that of another word, often tested in pairs within sentence contexts.

A fixed expression whose meaning cannot be worked out from the literal meanings of its individual words.

The sense a word carries in a particular sentence or passage, which may differ from its most common dictionary meaning.

A conclusion a reader draws from a passage using stated details and reasoning rather than direct statement.