AP High Court Office Subordinate cheat sheet
AP High Court Office Subordinate · Keep the key ideas within reach.
General Knowledge and Current Affairs
Article 368: Parliament may amend the Constitution; amendments affecting federal structure need ratification by half the State Legislatures.
Andhra Pradesh High Court principal seat is at Amaravati; it was bifurcated from the erstwhile Hyderabad High Court on 1 January 2019.
The 42nd Amendment (1976) added 'socialist', 'secular', and 'integrity' to the Preamble; the 44th Amendment (1978) removed the right to property as a fundamental right.
The Governor of a State is appointed by the President under Article 155 and holds office during the pleasure of the President (Article 156).
The National Green Tribunal Act, 2010, established the NGT; its principal bench is in New Delhi with zonal benches including Chennai and Bhopal.
The Election Commission of India is a constitutional body under Article 324; it conducts elections to Parliament, State Legislatures, and the offices of President and Vice-President.
The Finance Commission is constituted every five years under Article 280; the 15th Finance Commission's recommendations cover 2021-26.
The Right to Information Act, 2005, requires public authorities to designate a Public Information Officer and a First Appellate Authority.
The Reserve Bank of India was nationalised in 1949; its Monetary Policy Committee was constituted in 2016 under the RBI Act, 1934.
General English
Subject-verb agreement: a singular subject takes a singular verb; collective nouns take a singular verb when acting as a unit, plural when members act individually.
Active to passive: move the object to subject position, use the appropriate form of 'be' plus past participle, and place the original subject after 'by'.
Reported speech: shift present tense to past, change pronouns according to the speaker, and adjust time/place words (now→then, here→there, today→that day).
Articles: 'a' before consonant sounds, 'an' before vowel sounds; 'the' for definite or unique references and superlatives.
Prepositions of time: 'in' for months, years, seasons; 'on' for days and dates; 'at' for exact times and night/noon.
Conditional sentences: Type 1 (if + present, will + base), Type 2 (if + past, would + base), Type 3 (if + past perfect, would have + past participle).
Common error: 'one of the' takes a plural noun but a singular verb - 'One of the boys is absent.'
Idioms: 'to bite the bullet' means to endure a difficult situation; 'to let the cat out of the bag' means to reveal a secret.
General Mathematics / Arithmetic
Simple interest = (P × R × T) / 100; compound interest = P[(1 + R/100)^T − 1].
Profit percentage = (Profit / Cost Price) × 100; selling price = cost price × (100 + profit%) / 100.
Average = sum of observations / number of observations; if a person's average changes by d after replacing one item, the difference equals d × number of items.
Speed = distance / time; to convert km/h to m/s multiply by 5/18, and m/s to km/h multiply by 18/5.
Work: if A can do a job in x days and B in y days, together they take xy/(x + y) days.
Ratio and proportion: if a:b = c:d then ad = bc; to divide a sum S in the ratio a:b:c, shares are S×a/(a+b+c), etc.
Area of a circle = πr²; circumference = 2πr; area of a triangle = ½ × base × height; Heron's formula uses s = (a+b+c)/2.
LCM × HCF = product of two numbers; LCM of fractions = LCM of numerators / HCF of denominators.
Percentage change = (new value − old value) / old value × 100; successive discounts of a% and b% equal a + b − ab/100.
Reasoning and Mental Ability
Number series: check differences, then ratios, then squares/cubes, then alternating patterns; common series are arithmetic, geometric, and square/cube-based.
Coding-decoding: letter positions A=1 to Z=26; reverse position = 27 − forward position; shifting by a constant or reversing the alphabet are common rules.
Blood relations: draw a family tree; vertical lines for generations, horizontal for siblings/spouses; use '+' for male and '−' for female if not specified.
Direction sense: fix north upward; right turn = clockwise 90°, left turn = anticlockwise 90°; use Pythagoras for shortest distance.
Syllogism: use Venn diagrams; 'All A are B' means A is inside B; 'Some A are B' means overlap; conclusions must be true in all possible diagrams.
Seating arrangement: for a circle, if all face the centre, left is clockwise and right is anticlockwise; reverse if facing outward.
Calendar: a normal year shifts the day of the week by 1, a leap year by 2; 100 years shift by 5 odd days, 400 years by 0.
Clocks: minute hand gains 5.5° per minute on the hour hand; hands coincide every 65 5/11 minutes.
Basic Computer Knowledge
A computer's basic operations are input, processing, storage, and output; the CPU performs processing and consists of ALU and control unit.
RAM is volatile primary memory; ROM is non-volatile; cache is faster than RAM and sits between CPU and RAM.
1 byte = 8 bits; 1 KB = 1024 bytes; 1 MB = 1024 KB; 1 GB = 1024 MB; 1 TB = 1024 GB.
MS Word shortcut: Ctrl+C copy, Ctrl+V paste, Ctrl+X cut, Ctrl+Z undo, Ctrl+Y redo, Ctrl+S save, Ctrl+P print.
MS Excel: a cell reference like A1 is relative, $A$1 is absolute; SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT, IF, and VLOOKUP are common functions.
An operating system manages hardware and software resources; examples include Windows, Linux, and macOS; a file extension indicates file type (.docx, .xlsx, .pdf).
A computer virus is malicious software that replicates by attaching to files; antivirus software scans and removes known threats.
Internet basics: IP address identifies a device; HTTP/HTTPS are web protocols; email uses SMTP for sending and POP3/IMAP for receiving.
Keyboard keys: Enter executes, Esc cancels, Tab moves focus, Backspace deletes left, Delete deletes right, Caps Lock toggles uppercase.
Telugu Language
తెలుగు వర్ణమాలలో 16 అచ్చులు, 36 హల్లులు, మూడు ఉభయాక్షరాలు (ం, ః, ఁ) ఉన్నాయి.
సంధి: రెండు అక్షరాలు కలిసి ఒకటిగా మారడాన్ని సంధి అంటారు; ఉదా. రామ + ఆలయం = రామాలయం (సవర్ణదీర్ఘ సంధి).
సమాసాలు: తత్పురుష, కర్మధారయ, ద్వంద్వ, ద్విగు, బహువ్రీహి అనే ఐదు రకాలు.
ఛందస్సు: తెలుగు పద్యాలలో గణాలు, యతి, ప్రాస నియమాలు ముఖ్యం; ఉత్పలమాల, చంపకమాల, మత్తేభం ప్రసిద్ధ వృత్తాలు.
అలంకారాలు: ఉపమాలంకారం (పోలిక), రూపకాలంకారం (అభేదం), శ్లేషాలంకారం (ఒకే పదానికి అనేక అర్థాలు), అతిశయోక్తి (పె exagger ణ).
ప్రత్యక్ష కర్తరి, కర్మణి వాక్యాలలో క్రియా రూపాలు భేదిస్తాయి; ఉదా. 'రాముడు పుస్తకం చదివాడు' (కర్తరి), 'రాముడిచే పుస్తకం చదవబడింది' (కర్మణి).
తెలుగు భాషా చరిత్ర: నన్నయ, తిక్కన, ఎర్రనలు కవిత్రయం; ఆంధ్ర మహాభారత రచనకు నన్నయ ఆది కర్త.
అర్థాలు: 'అమ్మ' = తల్లి, 'నీరు' = జలం, 'పుస్తకం' = గ్రంథం; పర్యాయపదాలు పరీక్షలలో సాధారణం.
Indian Constitution and Polity (with focus on Judiciary)
Article 124 establishes the Supreme Court of India; Article 214 establishes High Courts for States; Article 231 allows a common High Court for two or more States.
Judges of the Supreme Court retire at 65; High Court judges retire at 62; they are appointed by the President after consultation with the Chief Justice of India and others.
Article 226 empowers High Courts to issue writs (habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, certiorari, quo warranto) for enforcement of fundamental rights and other legal rights.
Article 32 provides the right to constitutional remedies before the Supreme Court; it is itself a fundamental right.
The Supreme Court's advisory jurisdiction is under Article 143; its appellate jurisdiction is under Articles 132, 133, and 134; special leave under Article 136.
Judicial review: courts can declare laws unconstitutional if they violate the basic structure or fundamental rights; the doctrine of basic structure was established in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973).
Article 50 requires separation of the judiciary from the executive in public services; Article 235 gives High Courts control over subordinate courts.
A High Court judge may be removed only on grounds of proved misbehaviour or incapacity, through a motion passed by both Houses of Parliament and an order of the President (Article 124(4) read with the Judges Inquiry Act).
The Fundamental Duties were added by the 42nd Amendment (1976) under Article 51A; the Directive Principles are in Part IV (Articles 36–51).
Office Procedure and Records Management
A file consists of a cover, notes portion, correspondence portion, and appendix; the notes portion records internal discussion and decisions.
Inward and outward registers record receipt and dispatch of letters; each entry includes serial number, date, sender/recipient, subject, and file number.
The 'first-in, first-out' principle is not used for records; instead, records follow a classification scheme such as subject-wise or department-wise filing.
Record retention schedules specify how long records are kept; permanent records are transferred to the record room, temporary records are destroyed after the prescribed period with approval.
Drafting a letter: use a reference number, date, subject line, salutation, body, and signature block; official letters avoid personal remarks and use formal language.
The Right to Information Act, 2005, requires public authorities to maintain records and publish a proactive disclosure under Section 4.
E-office: electronic file movement uses digital signatures; the 'e-Office' application includes modules for file management, knowledge management, and personnel management.
Confidential reports and service registers are part of personnel records; they are maintained by the establishment section and are not open for public inspection.
Weeding out: outdated records are destroyed after obtaining approval from the competent authority; a destruction register is maintained noting the date and authority.