Indian Constitution, Polity and Administrative Law
This domain tests constitutional provisions on religion and property, writ jurisdiction, federalism and administrative-law principles applied to endowments. Expect questions on Articles 25–28, Article 300A, natural justice and judicial review of departmental orders.
Core rules and concepts
- Articles 25–28: freedom of conscience and religion; the State may regulate secular administration and provide for social welfare.
- Article 26: religious denominations may own and administer property, subject to public order, morality and health.
- Article 300A: no person may be deprived of property except by authority of law.
- Writs: Article 32 in the Supreme Court and Article 226 in the High Court; judicial review of statutory orders.
- Administrative law: ultra vires, audi alteram partem, rule against bias, reasoned orders and delegated legislation.
Worked example
A trustee is removed without a show-cause notice or hearing. Reasoning: removal affects civil rights and attracts natural justice; the order is vitiated. Answer: set aside and remit for a fresh hearing.
Traps that cost marks
Treating Article 26 as absolute; confusing a religious denomination with any group of worshippers; ignoring statutory powers; and assuming property rights are absolute.