Assam TET LP cheat sheet

Piaget's stages in order: sensorimotor (0-2 years, object permanence), preoperational (2-7, egocentrism, symbolic play), concrete operational (7-11, conservation, reversibility), formal operational (11+, abstract and hypothetical reasoning).

Kohlberg's moral levels: preconventional (punishment/obedience, instrumental exchange), conventional (good boy/good girl, law and order), postconventional (social contract, universal ethical principles).

Vygotsky: Zone of Proximal Development is the gap between what a learner can do alone and what they can do with adult or peer support; scaffolding is temporary structured help withdrawn as competence grows.

Erikson's first four psychosocial crises: trust vs mistrust (infancy), autonomy vs shame (1-3), initiative vs guilt (3-6), industry vs inferiority (6-12).

Classical conditioning (Pavlov, stimulus substitution) differs from operant conditioning (Skinner: reinforcement strengthens, punishment weakens, extinction removes a response).

Thurstone's primary mental abilities, Gardner's multiple intelligences (eight intelligences), and Spearman's g-factor are competing theories of intelligence; IQ = (mental age / chronological age) x 100 on the original Stanford-Binet.

Kretchmer and Sheldon linked body type to temperament; modern view: temperament is innate, personality is temperament shaped by environment and experience.

Inclusive education principle: the curriculum adapts to the child, not the child to the curriculum; individualised education plans and multisensory teaching serve diverse needs.

Assessment for learning (formative, diagnostic, continuous) differs from assessment of learning (summative); CCE emphasises continuous and comprehensive scholastic plus co-scholastic evaluation.

Language acquisition (Krashen): comprehensible input, low affective filter, natural order, monitor use, and acquisition vs learning distinction.

Chomsky's LAD (Language Acquisition Device) and universal grammar contrast with Skinner's behaviourist imitation-reinforcement account and with Piaget's cognitive constructivism.

Linguistic levels: phonology (sound), morphology (word structure, morphemes), syntax (sentence structure), semantics (meaning), pragmatics (use in context).

Four language skills in natural order: listening, speaking (oral), reading, writing (written); receptive skills precede productive skills in early literacy.

Reading models: bottom-up (phonics to meaning), top-down (meaning-driven prediction), interactive (both); phonics, whole-word and whole-language approaches differ in decoding emphasis.

Assessment tools in language: cloze test (deleted words in a passage), dictation, portfolio, observation schedule, oral interview, and rubric-scored composition.

Figures of speech: simile (like/as comparison), metaphor (direct comparison), personification, alliteration (initial consonant repetition), onomatopoeia (sound imitation), hyperbole (exaggeration).

Assamese script is derived from the Brahmi lineage; it shares the Eastern Nagari script with Bengali, with distinctive letters such as ৰ (ra) and ৱ (wa).

Error vs mistake: an error reflects an incomplete rule system and is systematic; a mistake is a performance slip the learner can self-correct.

Tense rules: present perfect (has/have + past participle) for past action with present relevance; past perfect (had + participle) for the earlier of two past actions.

Active to passive: move object to subject, use be + past participle, place agent after 'by'; only transitive verbs passivise.

Reported speech: shift tense back one step, change pronouns to speaker perspective, and adjust time/place words (today to that day, here to there).

Articles: 'a/an' indefinite (a before consonant sound, an before vowel sound), 'the' definite for unique or already-mentioned referents; zero article with proper nouns and uncountables in general sense.

Conditionals: zero (if + present, present), first (if + present, will), second (if + past, would), third (if + had + participle, would have + participle).

Direct-indirect question conversion: drop do/does/did, use statement word order, and use if/whether for yes-no questions.

Modals: can (ability), may (permission/possibility), must (obligation), should (advice), might (weak possibility); modal + bare infinitive, never modal + to.

Vocabulary teaching techniques: context clues, semantic mapping, word webs, collocation, and morphology (prefix-root-suffix analysis).

Communicative Language Teaching prioritises meaningful interaction and fluency over drill; the grammar-translation method prioritises rules and translation.

Place value: each digit's value is digit x its place (ones, tens, hundreds); regrouping/borrowing in subtraction and carrying in addition follow from this.

Fractions: a/b + c/d requires a common denominator; a/b x c/d = ac/bd; a/b ÷ c/d = a/b x d/c; equivalent fractions multiply numerator and denominator by the same non-zero number.

Perimeter and area: rectangle P = 2(l+b), A = l x b; square P = 4s, A = s²; triangle A = ½ x base x height; circle C = 2πr, A = πr².

Average = sum of observations / number of observations; percentage = (part/whole) x 100; simple interest = P x R x T / 100.

LCM x HCF = product of the two numbers; a number is divisible by 3 if its digit sum is divisible by 3, by 9 if digit sum is divisible by 9, by 4 if the last two digits form a multiple of 4.

EVS themes (NCERT lower primary): family and friends, food, shelter, water, travel, and things we make and do; EVS integrates science, social studies and environment rather than teaching them separately.

Food chains: producer to herbivore to carnivore to decomposer; energy decreases at each trophic level, so food chains rarely exceed four or five links.

Water cycle stages: evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, collection; the sun is the driving energy source.

Indian civics basics: the Constitution took effect 26 January 1950; Fundamental Rights are in Part III, Directive Principles in Part IV; the President is constitutional head, the Prime Minister heads the Council of Ministers.

Physical and chemical change: a chemical change forms a new substance and is usually irreversible (rusting, burning); a physical change alters state or shape only (melting, dissolving).

Measurement and the scientific method: observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion; standard SI units include metre (length), kilogram (mass), second (time), litre (volume).