Assam HS Sanskrit cheat sheet

Sanskrit - Assam HS (AHSEC) Core Content

• Devanagari vowels: अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ऋ ॠ ऌ ए ऐ ओ औ; consonant rows follow ka-varga (क च ट त प) with five each, plus semivowels य र ल व and sibilants श ष स ह.

• Sandhi: savarṇa-dīrgha (अ/आ + अ/आ → आ), guṇa (अ/आ + इ/ई → ए; + उ/ऊ → ओ; + ऋ → अर्), vṛddhi (अ/आ + ए/ऐ → ऐ; + ओ/औ → औ), yaṇ (इ/ई + vowel → य् etc.), and visarga sandhi (ः → र् before voiced, ओ before अ).

• Declension: a-stems (rāma), ā-stems (kanyā), i/ī-stems (muni, nadī), u/ū-stems (guru, vadhū); three numbers (singular, dual, plural) and eight cases (nominative to vocative).

• Verb classes I–X; present tense (laṭ) endings: parasmaipada -mi -si -ti -maḥ -tha -nti; ātmanepada -e -se -te -mahe -dhve -nte.

• Common irregular verbs: √as (asti, santi), √kṛ (karoti, kurvanti), √bhū (bhavati), √gam (gacchati), √dā (dadāti), √paṭh (paṭhati).

• Kāraka and vibhakti: kartā (nominative), karma (accusative), karaṇa (instrumental), sampradāna (dative), apādāna (ablative), adhikaraṇa (locative); genitive marks the possessor.

• Samāsa types: tatpuruṣa (case relation), dvandva (coordination), bahuvrīhi (possessive, exocentric), dvigu (numeral), avyayībhāva (indeclinable first member).

• Alaṃkāra basics: upamā (simile with iva/yathā), rūpaka (metaphor), anuprāsa (alliteration), śleṣa (pun); chandas: anuṣṭubh (8 syllables per pāda), indravajrā (11), upajāti (mixed 11).