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Question 1Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

In classical Sanskrit grammar, which vibhakti (case) is used for the karta (agent) in an active (kartari) sentence with a transitive root in lat (present tense)?

  1. Tritiya (instrumental)
  2. Prathama (nominative) Correct answer.
  3. Dvitiya (accusative)
  4. Sasthi (genitive)

Explanation

In kartari prayoga with a transitive verb, the agent is expressed in the prathama vibhakti, while the object takes dvitiya. Tritiya marks the agent only in karmaṇi prayoga (passive) or with certain indeclinable-dependent constructions. Sasthi expresses possession or relation, not agency in an active clause.

Question 2Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

The word 'gacchati' in the sentence 'ramaḥ gṛham gacchati' belongs to which lakara (tense-mood category)?

  1. Loṭ (imperative)
  2. Laṭ (present) Correct answer.
  3. Liṭ (perfect)
  4. Lṛṭ (future)

Explanation

'Gacchati' is the third-person singular present of the root gam (gacch-), which is formed in the laṭ lakara. The laṭ endings -ti, -taḥ, -anti attach to the present stem. Lṛṭ would give 'gamiṣyati' and Loṭ would give 'gacchatu'.

Question 3Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

Which sandhi operation correctly joins 'rāmaḥ' + 'api' to give the form in 'rāmo'pi'?

  1. Visarga becomes 'a' before a vowel
  2. Visarga becomes 'o' before a vowel Correct answer.
  3. Visarga is dropped before a consonant
  4. Visarga becomes 'r' before a vowel

Explanation

When a visarga follows 'a' and is preceded by any vowel except 'a' or 'ā', and the next word begins with a vowel, the visarga changes to 'o' and the following 'a' is elided. This is the visarga-sandhi rule yielding 'rāmo'pi'. The 'r'-substitution rule applies only when the preceding vowel is 'a' or 'ā'.

Question 4Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

Which form is the correct ṣaṣṭhī (genitive) dual of the noun 'nara' (man)?

  1. narāṇām
  2. narau
  3. narayoḥ Correct answer.
  4. narābhyām

Explanation

The genitive dual of an 'a'-stem masculine noun like 'nara' is 'narayoḥ', formed with the ending -yoḥ. 'Narāṇām' is the genitive plural, 'narau' is the nominative dual, and 'narābhyām' is the instrumental/ablative/dative dual.

Question 5Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

In the compound 'rājaputra', what is the correct grammatical analysis?

  1. Avyayībhāva, meaning 'near the king'
  2. Ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa, meaning 'son of a king' Correct answer.
  3. Dvandva, meaning 'king and son'
  4. Bahuvrīhi, meaning 'one whose son is a king'

Explanation

'Rājaputra' is a tatpuruṣa compound resolved as 'rājñaḥ putraḥ' (son of the king), with the first member in the genitive relation. Dvandva would require two coordinate members, and bahuvrīhi would describe an external referent. Avyayībhāva requires an indeclinable first member.

Question 6Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

Which pratyahara in Panini's Śivasūtras contains all the vowels?

  1. Aṇ
  2. Hal
  3. Yañ
  4. Ac Correct answer.

Explanation

The pratyahara 'ac' is formed from the first sutra 'a i u ṇ' up to the final 'c' marker, covering all simple vowels. 'Aṇ' covers only the simple vowels up to 'ṇ'. 'Hal' covers consonants, and 'Yañ' covers semivowels and related sounds.

Question 7Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

The suffix '-tvā' in 'kṛtvā' forms what kind of word?

  1. A causative stem
  2. A finite verb in laṭ
  3. A ktvānta (absolutive) indeclinable participle Correct answer.
  4. A future passive participle

Explanation

The suffix -tvā (with its allomorph -ya after prefixes) forms the ktvānta or absolutive, an indeclinable form expressing an action completed before the main verb. It never takes personal endings, so it cannot be a finite verb. Future passive participles use -tavya or -anīya, and causatives use -aya.

Question 8Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

In the sentence 'guruḥ śiṣyāya pustakam dadāti', what karaka role does 'śiṣyāya' perform?

  1. Apādāna (source)
  2. Karman (object)
  3. Adhikaraṇa (locus)
  4. Sampradāna (recipient) Correct answer.

Explanation

The dative ending -āya here marks the sampradāna, the recipient to whom the book is given. The karman is 'pustakam' in the accusative. Apādāna would take the ablative, and adhikaraṇa would take the locative.

Question 9Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

Which is the correct form of the root 'bhū' in the third-person plural laṭ (present)?

  1. babhūvuḥ
  2. bhaviṣyanti
  3. bhavanti Correct answer.
  4. bhavati

Explanation

The present stem of bhū is 'bhava-', and the third-person plural ending is -anti, giving 'bhavanti'. 'Bhavati' is third-person singular, 'bhaviṣyanti' is future, and 'babhūvuḥ' is perfect.

Question 10Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

Which vowel is described as 'hrasva' (short) in the traditional ordering of Sanskrit vowels?

  1. i Correct answer.
  2. ā
  3. ī
  4. ū

Explanation

Among the simple vowels, 'i' is hrasva (short), while 'ā', 'ī' and 'ū' are dīrgha (long). The short vowels are a, i, u, ṛ and ḷ. Length affects metre and certain grammatical operations such as guṇa and vṛddhi.

Question 11Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

Which of the following is a correct example of guṇa substitution?

  1. i → ai
  2. u → au
  3. i → e Correct answer.
  4. ṛ → ār

Explanation

In Paninian grammar, guṇa substitution of 'i' or 'ī' yields 'e', of 'u' or 'ū' yields 'o', and of 'ṛ' yields 'ar'. Vṛddhi, not guṇa, gives 'ai' from 'i', 'au' from 'u', and 'ār' from 'ṛ'.

Question 12Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

In the word 'devālayam', what is the correct sandhi analysis?

  1. deva + ā + laya + m
  2. deva + laya + m
  3. deva + ālaya + m (case ending) Correct answer.
  4. deva + alaya + m

Explanation

'Devālayam' is 'deva' + 'ālaya' with the accusative singular ending -m. The final 'a' of 'deva' combines with the initial 'ā' of 'ālaya' to give the long 'ā' by the rule of savarṇa-dīrgha sandhi. The other splits do not reflect the underlying words.

Question 13Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

Which of these is the correct form of the present participle (śatṛ) of 'paṭh' (to read) in the masculine nominative singular?

  1. paṭhitaḥ
  2. paṭhan Correct answer.
  3. paṭhati
  4. paṭhitum

Explanation

The śatṛ (present active participle) adds -at to the present stem, giving 'paṭhat-', whose masculine nominative singular is 'paṭhan'. 'Paṭhati' is a finite verb, 'paṭhitaḥ' is a past passive participle, and 'paṭhitum' is an infinitive.

Question 14Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

Which statement correctly describes the difference between 'parasmaipada' and 'ātmanepada' endings?

  1. Ātmanepada endings are used only in the future tense.
  2. Parasmaipada endings are used only in the passive voice.
  3. Ātmanepada endings are used only with intransitive roots.
  4. Parasmaipada and ātmanepada are two sets of personal endings attached to the same tense stems. Correct answer.

Explanation

Parasmaipada and ātmanepada are two parallel sets of personal endings that attach to tense-mood stems; which set applies depends on the root and its usage. Neither set is restricted to a single tense or to the passive. Intransitive roots may take either set depending on the root.

Question 15Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

What is the meaning of the upasarga 'apa' in a verbal root such as 'apa + gam'?

  1. Before, in front
  2. Back, again
  3. Away, off Correct answer.
  4. Towards, near

Explanation

The upasarga 'apa' conveys the sense of 'away' or 'off', as in 'apagacchati' (goes away). 'Ā' or 'upa' conveys nearness, 'pra' conveys forwardness, and 'prati' or 'punar' conveys return. Upasargas systematically modify the sense of the root.

Question 16Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

Which of the following is a correct karmadharaya (descriptive determinative) compound?

  1. devadattaḥ (given by the gods)
  2. pītāmbaraḥ (one wearing yellow garments)
  3. rājaputraḥ (king's son)
  4. nīlotpalam (blue lotus) Correct answer.

Explanation

A karmadharaya is a determinative compound in which the first member qualifies the second attributively, as in 'nīlotpalam', a blue lotus. 'Rājaputra' is a genitive tatpuruṣa, and 'pītāmbaraḥ' as a bahuvrīhi describes a person rather than the garment itself.

Question 17Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

Which form correctly expresses 'for the teacher' (dative singular) for the ṛ-stem noun 'pitṛ' (father)?

  1. pitaraḥ (accusative)
  2. pitre Correct answer.
  3. pitrā
  4. pitaraḥ

Explanation

The dative singular of an ṛ-stem noun like 'pitṛ' is 'pitre', formed with the ending -e and guṇa of the stem vowel. 'Pitaraḥ' is nominative plural, 'pitrā' is instrumental singular, and 'pitaraḥ' does not mean dative.

Question 18Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

In the sentence 'rāmeṇa saha gṛham gacchāmi', what does 'saha' govern?

  1. The instrumental case Correct answer.
  2. The accusative case
  3. The genitive case
  4. The locative case

Explanation

'Saha' (with) is a postposition that governs the instrumental case, as seen in 'rāmeṇa saha' (with Rāma). The accusative would appear with 'prati' or as karman, the genitive with 'kṛte' or possession, and the locative with 'adhikṛtya' or place.

Question 19Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

Which of the following correctly shows the vṛddhi substitution of the vowel 'u'?

  1. āv
  2. av
  3. o
  4. au Correct answer.

Explanation

Vṛddhi substitution of 'u' or 'ū' yields 'au', as in 'guru' becoming 'gaurava'. Guṇa substitution would give 'o'. The forms 'av' and 'āv' are not standard single-vowel substitutions.

Question 20Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

Which of these is the correct locative singular of the noun 'nadī' (river)?

  1. nadyām Correct answer.
  2. nadyaḥ
  3. nadyāḥ
  4. nadīm

Explanation

The locative singular of an ī-stem feminine noun like 'nadī' is 'nadyām', formed with the ending -ām and the change of 'ī' to 'y'. 'Nadīm' is the accusative singular, 'nadyāḥ' is genitive or ablative singular, and 'nadyaḥ' is nominative plural.

Question 21Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

In 'sūryodayaḥ', the compound is best analysed as which type?

  1. A dvandva meaning 'sun and rising'
  2. A ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa meaning 'rising of the sun' Correct answer.
  3. A karmadharaya meaning 'sunrise-like'
  4. A bahuvrīhi meaning 'one whose sun rises'

Explanation

'Sūryodayaḥ' resolves to 'sūryasya udayaḥ' (the rising of the sun), a genitive tatpuruṣa. A dvandva would require two coordinate nouns, a bahuvrīhi would describe an external referent, and a karmadharaya would have an attributive first member.

Question 22Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

Which of these correctly uses the optative (vidhiliṅ) of the root 'kṛ' in the third-person singular?

  1. kriyate
  2. kuryāt Correct answer.
  3. karoti
  4. kariṣyati

Explanation

The vidhiliṅ (optative) third-person singular of 'kṛ' is 'kuryāt', expressing a wish or a hypothetical action. 'Karoti' is present, 'kariṣyati' is future, and 'kriyate' is passive present.

Question 23Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

In the word 'tat + ca' → 'tacca', which sandhi rule applies?

  1. Change of visarga to 'o'
  2. Voicing of 't' to 'd' before a vowel
  3. Elision of a final vowel before a vowel
  4. Assimilation of a final consonant to a following consonant Correct answer.

Explanation

When a word-final 't' meets a following consonant, it undergoes assimilation to match the following sound in voicing, giving 'tac + ca'. This is consonant assimilation, not vowel elision or visarga change. The resulting 'c' reflects the influence of the following 'c'.

Question 24Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

In traditional Sanskrit grammar, what is a 'dhātu'?

  1. A verbal root Correct answer.
  2. A case ending
  3. A compound
  4. A metre

Explanation

A dhātu is a verbal root, the basic unit from which verbs and many nouns are derived, as listed in Panini's Dhātupāṭha. Case endings are called vibhakti or sup-pratyaya, compounds are samāsa, and metres are chandas.

Question 25Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

Which of the following correctly gives the meaning of the suffix '-tavya' in 'kartavya'?

  1. Doing (present participle)
  2. Having done (absolutive)
  3. To be done (gerundive) Correct answer.
  4. Done (past passive participle)

Explanation

The suffix -tavya forms the kṛtya or gerundive, expressing obligation or fitness, as in 'kartavya' (to be done). The absolutive uses -tvā, the present participle uses -at or -māna, and the past passive participle uses -ta or -na.

Question 26Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

In the Śivasūtras, which pratyāhāra ends with the vowel 'a' and therefore denotes all the simple vowels?

  1. hal
  2. aś
  3. aṇ
  4. ac Correct answer.

Explanation

The pratyāhāra 'ac' is formed by taking the first element 'a' and the final marker 'c'; by Pāṇini's convention of combining the initial with the following anubandha, it covers all vowels from 'a' up to the last vowel before 'c'. Hence 'ac' is the standard pratyāhāra for vowels, while 'hal' denotes consonants.

Question 27Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

Which of these is the correct locative singular form of the feminine ī-stem noun 'nadī' (river)?

  1. nadyai
  2. nadyām Correct answer.
  3. nadyāḥ
  4. nadībhiḥ

Explanation

For ī-stem feminine nouns, the locative singular is formed by replacing the final 'ī' with 'yām' after the stem's short vowel, giving 'nadyām'. The form 'nadyāḥ' is genitive or ablative singular, 'nadyai' is dative singular, and 'nadībhiḥ' is instrumental plural.

Question 28Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

The word 'sūryodayaḥ' is a compound of 'sūrya' and 'udaya'. Which analysis correctly identifies its type?

  1. tatpuruṣa (ṣaṣṭhī), since the first member is in the genitive relation to the second Correct answer.
  2. avyayībhāva, since the first member is an indeclinable
  3. bahuvrīhi, since it denotes someone possessing the sunrise
  4. dvandva, since two entities are joined

Explanation

In 'sūryodayaḥ' the first member 'sūrya' stands in a genitive relation to 'udaya' (the rising of the sun), so it is a tatpuruṣa, specifically a ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa. The compound denotes the rising itself, not a person possessing it, so it is not a bahuvrīhi.

Question 29Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

Which form correctly uses the optative (vidhiliṅ) of the root 'kṛ' in the third-person singular parasmaipada?

  1. karoti
  2. kariṣyati
  3. kuryāt Correct answer.
  4. cakāra

Explanation

The vidhiliṅ (optative) third-person singular parasmaipada of 'kṛ' is 'kuryāt', formed with the optative suffix '-yāt'. 'Karoti' is present indicative, 'kariṣyati' is future, and 'cakāra' is perfect.

Question 30Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

In the phrase 'guruḥ śiṣyāya pustakam dadāti', which kāraka role does 'pustakam' perform?

  1. apādāna (source)
  2. karma (object) Correct answer.
  3. sampradāna (recipient)
  4. kartṛ (agent)

Explanation

With the root 'dā' (to give), the thing given is the direct object, so 'pustakam' in the accusative is karma. The recipient 'śiṣyāya' in the dative is sampradāna, and 'guruḥ' is the kartṛ.

Question 31Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

Which of these is the correct present participle (śatṛ) of 'paṭh' (to read) in the masculine nominative singular?

  1. paṭhiṣyati
  2. paṭhan Correct answer.
  3. paṭhitaḥ
  4. paṭhati

Explanation

The śatṛ (present active participle) of 'paṭh' is formed by adding '-at' to the strengthened root, giving 'paṭhat-', whose masculine nominative singular is 'paṭhan'. The form 'paṭhati' is the finite present third-person singular, and 'paṭhitaḥ' is a past passive participle.

Question 32Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

Which statement correctly distinguishes parasmaipada from ātmanepada endings in Sanskrit conjugation?

  1. Parasmaipada endings are used only in the perfect tense, while ātmanepada endings are used in the present.
  2. Parasmaipada endings are used only in the optative, while ātmanepada endings are used in the imperative.
  3. Parasmaipada endings occur only with intransitive roots, while ātmanepada endings occur only with transitive roots.
  4. Parasmaipada endings are used when the action is directed to another, while ātmanepada endings are used when the fruit of the action returns to the agent. Correct answer.

Explanation

The traditional distinction is that parasmaipada ('word for another') is used when the result of the action goes to another, while ātmanepada ('word for oneself') is used when the result returns to the agent. Both sets of endings occur across tenses and moods, not restricted to one tense.

Question 33Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

Which of the following correctly gives the meaning of the kṛt suffix '-tavya' in 'kartavya'?

  1. the act of doing
  2. that which ought to be done Correct answer.
  3. that which has been done
  4. one who does

Explanation

The kṛt suffix '-tavya' (also '-anīya' and '-ya') forms a gerundive expressing obligation or fitness, so 'kartavya' means 'that which ought to be done' or 'duty'. It does not denote past action or the agent.

Question 34Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

Which of these is a correct example of guṇa substitution applied to the vowel 'i'?

  1. i → ai
  2. i → ā
  3. i → e Correct answer.
  4. i → ī

Explanation

The guṇa series replaces 'i' and 'ī' with 'e', 'u' and 'ū' with 'o', and 'ṛ' and 'ṝ' with 'ar'. Vṛddhi, by contrast, would give 'ai' for 'i'.

Question 35Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

Which of these correctly shows the vṛddhi substitution of the vowel 'u'?

  1. u → o
  2. u → au Correct answer.
  3. u → ā
  4. u → ū

Explanation

In the vṛddhi series, 'u' and 'ū' are replaced by 'au', just as 'i' and 'ī' become 'ai' and 'ṛ' becomes 'ār'. The guṇa substitute for 'u' is 'o', not vṛddhi.

Question 36Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

Which form correctly expresses 'for the father' (dative singular) of the ṛ-stem noun 'pitṛ'?

  1. pitre Correct answer.
  2. pitrā
  3. pitaraḥ
  4. pitaraḥ (accusative)

Explanation

The dative singular of the ṛ-stem noun 'pitṛ' is 'pitre', formed with the strengthened stem 'pitṛ' plus the dative ending '-e'. The form 'pitrā' is instrumental singular, and 'pitaraḥ' is nominative or accusative plural.

Question 37Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

In the sentence 'rāmeṇa saha gṛham gacchāmi', what does the indeclinable 'saha' govern?

  1. the verb 'gacchāmi'
  2. the nominative subject implied in 'gacchāmi'
  3. the instrumental 'rāmeṇa' Correct answer.
  4. the accusative 'gṛham'

Explanation

The indeclinable 'saha' (along with 'samam' and 'sākam') governs the instrumental case, so 'rāmeṇa saha' means 'together with Rāma'. The accusative 'gṛham' is the object of motion, not governed by 'saha'.

Question 38Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

Which of the following is a correct karmadhāraya compound?

  1. rāmalakṣmaṇau (Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa)
  2. rājaputraḥ (king's son)
  3. nīlotpalam (blue lotus) Correct answer.
  4. pītāmbaraḥ (one whose garment is yellow)

Explanation

A karmadhāraya joins two members where the first qualifies the second as an adjective, as in 'nīlotpalam', 'blue lotus', where 'nīla' describes 'utpalam'. The compound remains a tatpuruṣa in which the second member is the principal one.

Question 39Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

Which of these is the correct form of the root 'bhū' in the third-person plural laṭ (present)?

  1. bhavati
  2. bhavanti Correct answer.
  3. babhūvuḥ
  4. bhaviṣyanti

Explanation

The laṭ third-person plural of 'bhū' is 'bhavanti', formed with the strengthened stem 'bhava' plus the ending '-anti'. 'Bhavati' is singular, 'bhaviṣyanti' is future, and 'babhūvuḥ' is perfect.

Question 40Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

Which of the following correctly identifies the upasarga 'apa' in a verbal root such as 'apa + gam'?

  1. It conveys motion away or removal, as in 'apagacchati' (goes away). Correct answer.
  2. It conveys opposition or reversal, as in 'pratigacchati'.
  3. It conveys motion towards or approach, as in 'upagacchati'.
  4. It conveys intensity or excess, as in 'atigacchati'.

Explanation

The upasarga 'apa' carries the sense of away, off, or removal, so 'apagacchati' means 'goes away' or 'departs'. The prefix 'upa' conveys approach, 'ati' conveys excess, and 'prati' conveys opposition or return.

Question 41Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

Which of these is the correct form of the present participle (śatṛ) of 'paṭh' in the feminine nominative singular?

  1. paṭhan
  2. paṭhati
  3. paṭhatī Correct answer.
  4. paṭhitā

Explanation

The śatṛ participle of 'paṭh' has the stem 'paṭhat-', whose feminine forms take the suffix '-ī', giving the nominative singular 'paṭhatī'. The masculine nominative singular is 'paṭhan'.

Question 42Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

Which of these correctly uses the optative (vidhiliṅ) of 'kṛ' in the third-person plural?

  1. kuryuḥ Correct answer.
  2. kurvanti
  3. kariṣyanti
  4. cakruḥ

Explanation

The vidhiliṅ third-person plural parasmaipada of 'kṛ' is 'kuryuḥ', formed with the optative suffix and the ending '-uḥ'. 'Kurvanti' is present, 'kariṣyanti' is future, and 'cakruḥ' is perfect.

Question 43Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

Which of the following is the correct instrumental singular of the noun 'nadī' (river)?

  1. nadībhiḥ
  2. nadyā Correct answer.
  3. nadyāḥ
  4. nadyai

Explanation

The instrumental singular of an ī-stem feminine noun like 'nadī' is 'nadyā', formed by replacing the final 'ī' with 'yā'. The dative singular is 'nadyai', the genitive or ablative singular is 'nadyāḥ', and the instrumental plural is 'nadībhiḥ'.

Question 44Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

Which of these is the correct form of the root 'bhū' in the third-person dual laṭ (present)?

  1. bhavataḥ Correct answer.
  2. bhaviṣyataḥ
  3. bhavanti
  4. bhavati

Explanation

The laṭ third-person dual of 'bhū' is 'bhavataḥ', formed with the strengthened stem 'bhava' plus the dual ending '-taḥ'. 'Bhavati' is singular, 'bhavanti' is plural, and 'bhaviṣyataḥ' is future dual.

Question 45Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

Which of the following correctly analyses the compound 'pītāmbaraḥ' (one whose garment is yellow)?

  1. karmadhāraya, since 'pīta' qualifies 'ambara'
  2. dvandva, since two entities are joined
  3. avyayībhāva, since the first member is an indeclinable
  4. bahuvrīhi, since it denotes a person possessing a yellow garment Correct answer.

Explanation

'Pītāmbaraḥ' is a bahuvrīhi: the compound 'pīta-ambara' means 'whose garment is yellow', and the whole word denotes a person possessing that garment. The internal relation between the members is karmadhāraya, but the compound as a whole functions as a bahuvrīhi.

Question 46Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

Which of the following correctly gives the meaning of the suffix '-tva' in 'devatva'?

  1. state or abstract quality (devatva = divinity) Correct answer.
  2. belonging to a god
  3. one who is a god
  4. a small god

Explanation

The suffix '-tva' (and '-tā') forms abstract nouns denoting state or quality, so 'devatva' means 'divinity' or 'the state of being a god'. It does not denote an agent or a possessor.

Question 47Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

Which of these is the correct ablative singular of the ṛ-stem noun 'pitṛ' (father)?

  1. pitrā
  2. pitre
  3. pituḥ Correct answer.
  4. pitaraḥ

Explanation

The ablative singular of 'pitṛ' is 'pituḥ', formed with the strengthened stem 'pitṛ' plus the ending '-uḥ'. The same form also serves as the genitive singular. 'Pitre' is dative, 'pitrā' is instrumental, and 'pitaraḥ' is plural.

Question 48Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

Which of the following correctly describes the difference between the upasargas 'anu' and 'ava'?

  1. 'Anu' conveys excess, while 'ava' conveys removal.
  2. 'Anu' conveys following or conformity, as in 'anugacchati' (follows), while 'ava' conveys descent or inferiority, as in 'avagacchati' (understands, goes down). Correct answer.
  3. 'Anu' conveys opposition, while 'ava' conveys approach.
  4. 'Anu' conveys motion away, while 'ava' conveys intensity.

Explanation

The upasarga 'anu' carries the sense of following, conformity, or along, as in 'anugacchati', 'follows'. The upasarga 'ava' carries the sense of descent, inferiority, or removal, as in 'avagacchati', which can mean 'understands' or 'goes down'.

Question 49Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

In the sentence 'rāmo grāmaṃ gacchati', which kāraka role does 'grāmam' perform?

  1. kartṛ (agent)
  2. karaṇa (instrument)
  3. apādāna (source)
  4. karma (object) Correct answer.

Explanation

The accusative form 'grāmam' is the destination of the action of going and is the object of the transitive verb 'gacchati', so it is karma. The kartṛ is 'rāmaḥ', marked by the nominative ending.

Question 50Sanskrit (content domains not enumerated in the official source)

Which form is the correct locative singular of the feminine ā-stem noun 'latā' (creeper)?

  1. latābhyaḥ
  2. latāyai
  3. latāyām Correct answer.
  4. latāyāḥ

Explanation

Feminine ā-stems take the locative singular ending -āyām, giving 'latāyām' (in the creeper). The other forms belong to different case endings of the same paradigm.