Assam ASSEB Higher Secondary Skill Subject IT/ITeS flashcards

33 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

DIKW hierarchy

Data (raw facts) becomes information when processed with context, knowledge when interpreted and applied, and wisdom when used for sound judgement.

Bit vs byte

A bit is a single binary digit (0 or 1). A byte is eight bits, which is enough to encode one ASCII character.

Firmware

Software permanently stored in ROM or flash memory on a device, such as a BIOS/UEFI chip, that starts hardware before the operating system loads.

Volatile memory

Memory that loses its contents when power is removed. RAM is volatile; ROM, SSD and hard disks are non-volatile.

POST

Power-On Self-Test: firmware diagnostics run at startup that check CPU, RAM, keyboard and video before handing control to the boot loader.

Device driver

Operating-system software that translates generic commands into device-specific instructions so the OS can operate a printer, GPU or network card.

Thrashing

Excessive paging where the system spends more time swapping memory to disk than executing programs, causing a severe slowdown.

Absolute cell reference

A spreadsheet reference fixed with dollar signs, such as $A$1, that does not change when the formula is copied to other cells.

Mail merge

A word-processing feature that combines one main document with a data source of records to generate personalised letters, labels or envelopes.

VLOOKUP

A spreadsheet function that searches the first column of a table for a value and returns a value from a specified column in the same row.

DNS

Domain Name System: the internet service that translates human-readable domain names such as example.in into numeric IP addresses.

HTTPS

HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure: HTTP carried over TLS encryption, protecting data in transit and confirming the server's identity via certificate.

Bcc field

Blind carbon copy: recipients listed here receive the e-mail but their addresses are hidden from other recipients, protecting privacy on large mailings.

Net WPM

Typing speed after errors are penalised: gross WPM minus (number of uncorrected errors divided by minutes elapsed).

Double entry

A data-entry control in which two operators key the same source data independently and a system compares the results to catch errors.

Validation check

A rule applied at data entry that tests whether input is acceptable, such as range, length, format, presence or consistency checks.

Foreign key

A column in one table that references the primary key of another table, enforcing referential integrity between related records.

Third normal form

A table design rule requiring no transitive dependency: every non-key column must depend only on the primary key, not on another non-key column.

ACID properties

Four guarantees for database transactions: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation and Durability, ensuring reliable processing of committed data.

Algorithm

A finite, unambiguous sequence of steps that takes input, performs operations and produces output, terminating after a limited number of steps.

Modulus operator

An arithmetic operator, usually written %, that returns the remainder of a division; 17 % 5 evaluates to 2.

Do-while loop

An iteration structure that executes its body first and checks the condition afterwards, so the body always runs at least once.

Offshore BPO

A delivery model where the service provider operates in a different country from the client, typically to reduce cost through wage differences.

Average handling time

A contact-centre metric calculated as total talk time plus hold time plus after-call work, divided by the number of calls handled.

First-call resolution

The percentage of customer contacts resolved completely on the first interaction without follow-up, callback or escalation.

Escalation matrix

A documented hierarchy defining which support level handles which issue type and the time threshold that triggers escalation upward.

Phishing

A social-engineering attack using fake messages or sites that imitate a trusted brand to steal credentials, OTPs or payment details.

Ransomware

Malicious software that encrypts a victim's files or locks the device and demands payment for the decryption key.

Multi-factor authentication

Login security requiring two or more independent proofs from different categories: something you know, have, or are.

Break-even point

The sales volume at which total revenue equals total cost, calculated as fixed costs divided by contribution per unit.

Freemium model

A revenue model offering a free basic tier to attract users and charging for premium features, capacity or support.

STAR method

An interview answering technique: describe the Situation, the Task required, the Action you took, and the Result achieved.

Active listening

A communication skill of fully concentrating, paraphrasing what the speaker said, asking clarifying questions and confirming understanding before responding.