Assam Higher Secondary Physical Education and Sports key terms

The largest volume of air a person can breathe out after filling the lungs as much as possible, measured with a spirometer. It reflects lung size and chest expansion rather than how fast air moves.

The amount of air moved into or out of the lungs in one normal, quiet breath, roughly half a litre in a resting adult. It rises during exercise as breathing becomes deeper.

The total volume of air breathed in one minute, calculated by multiplying tidal volume by breathing rate. It increases sharply during exercise to supply more oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.

The extra oxygen consumed after hard exercise ends, above resting level, used to restore body stores and clear lactic acid. It explains why breathing stays heavy for a while after stopping.

A by-product formed when muscles break down glucose without enough oxygen during intense effort. Its build-up is linked to the burning feeling and fatigue that force a performer to slow down.

The maximum amount of work the body can do using energy systems that do not need oxygen, lasting roughly ten seconds to two minutes. Sprinters and swimmers depend heavily on it.

The body's ability to take in, transport and use oxygen during sustained activity, often expressed as maximum oxygen uptake. Higher values allow longer, harder endurance work before fatigue.

The volume of blood the heart pumps out in one minute, found by multiplying heart rate by stroke volume. It climbs during exercise to deliver more oxygen to working muscles.

The amount of blood ejected by one ventricle of the heart in a single beat. Endurance training enlarges the heart chambers, so trained athletes push more blood per beat.

A single motor neuron together with all the muscle fibres it stimulates. Recruiting more and larger motor units produces greater force during a movement.

The slight, continuous tension present in healthy muscles even at rest, keeping them firm and ready to act. It depends on nerve supply and is reduced after certain injuries.

The sense that tells a performer where body parts are and how they are moving, coming from receptors in muscles, tendons and joints. It allows skills to be performed without looking at the limbs.

The internal feedback system reporting joint position, muscle length and effort to the brain. It supports balance and coordinated movement and is trained by varied practice.

The relatively permanent change in a person's ability to perform a skill, produced by practice and experience. It is shown by consistent, adaptable performance rather than by one lucky attempt.

Sorting sports skills into categories such as gross or fine, open or closed, and discrete, serial or continuous. The category guides how the skill should be taught and practised.

Information a learner receives about a movement, either from the senses during action or from a coach, video or score afterwards. It helps correct errors and shape the next attempt.

The training rule that the body only improves when the workload is gradually raised above what it is used to. Increases in volume or intensity must be spaced so recovery can occur.

The loss of fitness and skill that follows when training stops or drops below the level needed to maintain it. Gains fade faster than they were built, so consistency matters.

Dividing a training year into phases such as preparation, competition and transition, each with its own aims. It prevents staleness and peaks performance for major events.

A method that alternates fixed bouts of hard work with set recovery periods. It develops both aerobic and anaerobic fitness and allows high intensity with controlled fatigue.

A short preparatory phase of light activity and stretching before training or competition. It raises muscle temperature, improves blood flow and reduces injury risk.

Gentle activity and stretching done after exercise to return the body gradually to rest. It aids removal of waste products and helps prevent stiffness and dizziness.

A screening figure found by dividing weight in kilograms by height in metres squared. It indicates whether weight is low, normal or high for height but ignores muscle and fat distribution.

A daily eating pattern supplying adequate energy and all nutrients in the right proportions: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, fibre and water. It supports growth, performance and recovery.

A condition of excess body fat that raises the risk of diabetes, heart disease and joint strain. In young people it is usually addressed through diet, activity and lifestyle change rather than rapid weight loss.

A fall in body water below the level needed for normal function, causing thirst, dark urine, cramps and reduced performance. It is prevented by drinking before, during and after activity.

A heat-related illness with heavy sweating, weakness, dizziness and nausea after prolonged exertion in hot conditions. The person should be moved to shade, cooled and given fluids.

First aid for soft-tissue injury: rest, ice, compression and elevation. It limits swelling and pain in the first day or two before gradual return to activity.

An injury to a ligament, the tissue joining bone to bone, caused by a sudden twist or stretch beyond its range. It causes pain, swelling and instability of the joint.

An injury to a muscle or to the tendon attaching it to bone, caused by overstretching or sudden contraction. Signs include pain, stiffness and loss of strength.

Personal and environmental practices that prevent infection and keep the body healthy, such as bathing, clean clothing, oral care and safe water. In sport it also covers clean kit and shared equipment.

The drive to take part in an activity for its own enjoyment, satisfaction or challenge rather than for a reward. It usually sustains long-term participation better than external pressure.

The drive to act for an outside reward such as a trophy, prize, praise or selection. It can boost effort in the short term but may fade once the reward stops.

An unpleasant feeling of worry or tension about a performance or its outcome, shown by raised heart rate, sweating and negative thoughts. Moderate levels can help; very high levels harm control.

The general level of physical and mental activation a performer brings to a task, from sleepy to highly charged. Performance is usually best at a moderate level that varies with the skill.

Planning specific, measurable targets for training or competition, ideally with a coach and a time frame. Clear short-term goals build confidence and direct effort.

A tournament format in which every team plays every other team. It is fairer than a knockout but needs more time and fixtures as entries grow.

A format in which a team is eliminated after losing a match, so the winner advances to the next round. It is quick and exciting but can eliminate strong teams early.

A place in a knockout draw that lets a player or team skip a round, used when entries are not a power of two. It keeps the bracket balanced without extra matches.

A steady, controlled body posture practised in yoga to build strength, flexibility and balance. Postures are usually held with steady breathing and an upright, relaxed spine.

The practice of regulating the breath through controlled inhalation, retention and exhalation. It is used in yoga to calm the mind, improve lung function and aid concentration.