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Assam Higher Secondary Physical Education and Sports study materials
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Assam Higher Secondary Physical Education and Sports practice questions

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Question 1Foundations and History of Physical Education

In the historiography of physical education, which ancient civilisation is credited with developing the gymnasium as a state-supervised institution for both military and civic training?

  1. Ancient Persia
  2. Ancient China
  3. Ancient Greece Correct answer.
  4. Ancient Egypt

Explanation

Greek city-states, especially Athens and Sparta, organised the gymnasium as a public institution where youths trained the body alongside music and letters. The term gymnastics itself derives from this Greek practice of supervised physical training.

Question 2Foundations and History of Physical Education

The Swedish gymnastics system associated with Per Henrik Ling is best characterised by which feature?

  1. Free expressive dance performed to music
  2. Rhythmic, anatomically ordered movements without apparatus Correct answer.
  3. Heavy apparatus work on parallel bars and rings
  4. Competitive team games played on a marked field

Explanation

Ling's system was built on anatomically sequenced free-standing movements, often performed with light apparatus such as benches or wands, and was valued for posture and health rather than competition. It deliberately avoided the competitive apparatus gymnastics of the German school.

Question 3Foundations and History of Physical Education

Friedrich Ludwig Jahn is remembered in the history of physical education primarily because he

  1. organised the Turner movement and invented apparatus such as the horizontal bar Correct answer.
  2. founded the first modern Olympic Games
  3. wrote the first textbook on sports psychology
  4. introduced anthropometric measurement to schools

Explanation

Jahn founded the Turner (gymnastic) movement in Germany in the early nineteenth century and promoted outdoor exercise grounds equipped with apparatus including the horizontal bar and parallel bars. His work linked physical training with national revival.

Question 4Foundations and History of Physical Education

The YMCA training schools established in the United States in the late nineteenth century contributed to physical education mainly by

  1. banning competitive sport from school curricula
  2. replacing gymnastics entirely with military drill
  3. introducing the Swedish system as the sole method
  4. producing trained physical directors and promoting structured games Correct answer.

Explanation

The YMCA schools, notably at Springfield, trained physical directors and helped spread organised games such as basketball and volleyball into schools and communities. They professionalised leadership rather than banning sport.

Question 5Foundations and History of Physical Education

Which statement best explains why the English public-school tradition influenced modern physical education?

  1. It restricted athletics to professional sportsmen.
  2. It replaced physical training with classical language study.
  3. It treated games as a means of building character and later spread them through the empire. Correct answer.
  4. It abolished outdoor games in favour of indoor drill.

Explanation

Schools such as Rugby and Eton used team games to cultivate leadership, loyalty and self-discipline, an ideal often called muscular Christianity. Former pupils and teachers carried these games into schools across the British Empire and beyond.

Question 6Foundations and History of Physical Education

Pierre de Coubertin's contribution to physical education is most closely associated with

  1. developing anthropometric testing for schoolchildren
  2. reviving the Olympic Games and promoting international sport education Correct answer.
  3. designing the Swedish gymnastics curriculum
  4. founding the Turnverein in Germany

Explanation

Coubertin campaigned for sport as a tool of international understanding and founded the modern Olympic movement, with the first Games held in Athens in 1896. He also wrote extensively on the educational value of sport.

Question 7Foundations and History of Physical Education

In India, the Akhara tradition is historically important in physical education because it

  1. replaced traditional games with Swedish drill
  2. served as a centre for wrestling and indigenous physical culture Correct answer.
  3. was a colonial-era school for cricket coaching
  4. functioned as a modern Olympic training academy

Explanation

Akhara or vyayamshala centres combined wrestling, club exercises and disciplined training in the indigenous Indian tradition. They preserved local physical culture during the colonial period and influenced later Indian physical education.

Question 8Foundations and History of Physical Education

Which of the following best describes the role of the Rajkumar College and similar institutions in the spread of organised physical education in colonial India?

  1. They introduced Western games and drill to elite students. Correct answer.
  2. They trained students in indigenous wrestling only.
  3. They specialised in yoga instruction for teachers.
  4. They abolished all forms of physical training.

Explanation

Colonial-era institutions for Indian princes and elites adopted Western games, gymnastics and drill alongside academic subjects. These schools helped diffuse organised sport among the Indian elite.

Question 9Foundations and History of Physical Education

The term 'physical culture' as used in the history of physical education refers to

  1. the study of athletic injuries
  2. organised practices aimed at developing the body, including exercise and games Correct answer.
  3. the academic study of sports law
  4. the financial administration of sports bodies

Explanation

Physical culture describes the broad set of practices, beliefs and institutions through which societies train and shape the body. It includes gymnastics, games, drill and recreational exercise.

Question 10Foundations and History of Physical Education

Which of these developments most clearly marks the professionalisation of physical education in the early twentieth century?

  1. The founding of national associations and teacher-training colleges for physical education Correct answer.
  2. The rise of informal folk play in villages
  3. The abolition of gymnastics from school curricula
  4. The decline of school sport in favour of academic study

Explanation

Professionalisation involved formal training institutions, national associations and certification for physical educators. These structures standardised curricula and gave the field a recognised occupational identity.

Question 11Foundations and History of Physical Education

The 'Battle of the Systems' in physical education history refers to the debate between

  1. male and female participation in sport
  2. amateur and professional athletes
  3. indoor and outdoor sports facilities
  4. Swedish gymnastics and German gymnastics Correct answer.

Explanation

In the late nineteenth century, advocates of Swedish gymnastics, with its free-standing anatomical movements, contested the German Turner system, with its heavy apparatus. The debate shaped school curricula in Europe and North America.

Question 12Foundations and History of Physical Education

Which contribution is correctly attributed to Dudley Allen Sargent in the history of physical education?

  1. Founding the International Olympic Committee
  2. Designing the modern Olympic flag
  3. Developing anthropometric measurement and apparatus for individual exercise Correct answer.
  4. Introducing the Swedish system to India

Explanation

Sargent developed anthropometric testing and the pendulum apparatus that bore his name, allowing exercise to be prescribed according to individual measurements. His work linked physical education with scientific measurement.

Question 13Foundations and History of Physical Education

The inclusion of physical education in the school curriculum is historically justified mainly on the ground that it

  1. serves only to prepare students for military service
  2. contributes to physical, mental and social development Correct answer.
  3. replaces academic instruction entirely
  4. is required solely for competitive athletes

Explanation

Physical education has been defended as part of a rounded education that develops the whole person, including health, character and social skills. This rationale underlies its place in school curricula.

Question 14Foundations and History of Physical Education

In the context of the Olympic movement, the principle of Olympism is best described as

  1. a philosophy linking sport with education and mutual understanding Correct answer.
  2. a scheme for commercial sponsorship of sport
  3. a system for ranking nations by medal count
  4. a rulebook governing professional contracts

Explanation

Olympism is a philosophy that seeks to place sport at the service of human development, education and international friendship. It emphasises fair play and mutual respect rather than medal ranking.

Question 15Foundations and History of Physical Education

Which historical figure is associated with the promotion of physical education in India through the establishment of the Lakshmibai College of Physical Education?

  1. P. M. Joseph
  2. J. J. Bharucha Correct answer.
  3. K. R. Narayanan
  4. H. C. Buck

Explanation

J. J. Bharucha founded the Lakshmibai College of Physical Education in Amravati, which became a major centre for training physical educators in India. The institution helped professionalise the field in the country.

Question 16Foundations and History of Physical Education

The YMCA College of Physical Education in Chennai is historically significant because it

  1. was established solely for competitive athletics
  2. replaced all indigenous games with Western sport
  3. was the first institution in India to train physical education teachers Correct answer.
  4. was founded by the International Olympic Committee

Explanation

The YMCA College of Physical Education in Chennai pioneered formal training of physical education teachers in India. It drew on Western methods while adapting them to Indian conditions.

Question 17Foundations and History of Physical Education

Which statement about the ancient Olympic Games is historically accurate?

  1. They were abolished by the Romans before the Classical period.
  2. They were held annually in Athens.
  3. They excluded foot races from the programme.
  4. They were open to all free Greek men and included a sacred truce. Correct answer.

Explanation

The ancient Games at Olympia were open to free Greek men and were accompanied by a sacred truce that allowed safe travel to the festival. They were held every four years in honour of Zeus.

Question 18Foundations and History of Physical Education

The Danish contribution to physical education history is chiefly associated with

  1. Friedrich Jahn and the horizontal bar
  2. Per Henrik Ling and free-standing movements
  3. Niels Bukh and primitive gymnastics Correct answer.
  4. Dudley Sargent and anthropometry

Explanation

Niels Bukh developed primitive gymnastics in Denmark, emphasising vigorous, continuous and rhythmic movements. His system influenced physical training internationally in the early twentieth century.

Question 19Foundations and History of Physical Education

Which of the following best captures the historical shift in physical education from the nineteenth to the twentieth century?

  1. A complete abandonment of teacher training
  2. A move from drill and formal gymnastics towards games, sport and scientific study Correct answer.
  3. A shift from outdoor to exclusively indoor activity
  4. A move from games towards rigid military drill

Explanation

Over this period, physical education increasingly embraced team games, sports and scientific approaches such as measurement and physiology. Formal drill and rigid gymnastics lost ground to more varied programmes.

Question 20Foundations and History of Physical Education

The concept of 'muscular Christianity' in the history of physical education promoted the idea that

  1. competition should be eliminated from school games
  2. physical vigour and moral character should be developed together Correct answer.
  3. only clergy should participate in sport
  4. religious study should replace all physical activity

Explanation

Muscular Christianity held that a strong body and a strong moral character reinforced each other, justifying games and athletics in schools. It shaped the English public-school tradition and its spread overseas.

Question 21Foundations and History of Physical Education

Which of these is a recognised limitation of using ancient Greek physical education as a direct model for modern school programmes?

  1. It had no connection with civic education.
  2. It was tied to a slave economy and restricted participation. Correct answer.
  3. It rejected all competitive contests.
  4. It lacked any form of organised exercise.

Explanation

Greek physical education depended on a slave economy and excluded many groups, including women and slaves, from full participation. Its social context differs sharply from modern universal schooling.

Question 22Foundations and History of Physical Education

The term 'drill' in nineteenth-century school physical education referred to

  1. competitive league matches between schools
  2. free play chosen by pupils
  3. precisely commanded and uniform bodily movements Correct answer.
  4. lessons in sports theory only

Explanation

Drill consisted of commanded, uniform movements performed in formation, often derived from military training. It emphasised discipline and posture rather than free play or competition.

Question 23Foundations and History of Physical Education

Which development most directly supported the growth of physical education as a university subject in the twentieth century?

  1. The abolition of school games
  2. The decline of teacher training
  3. The founding of specialised degree programmes and research journals Correct answer.
  4. The withdrawal of the state from education

Explanation

Degree programmes and research journals gave physical education an academic base, linking it with physiology, psychology and pedagogy. This helped establish it as a recognised university discipline.

Question 24Foundations and History of Physical Education

In the history of Indian physical education, the Hanuman Vyayam Prasarak Mandal is best known for

  1. organising the first modern Olympic Games in India
  2. regulating professional boxing
  3. pioneering indigenous physical culture and training instructors Correct answer.
  4. introducing cricket to Indian schools

Explanation

The Hanuman Vyayam Prasarak Mandal, based in Amravati, promoted indigenous exercise, wrestling and instructor training. It helped preserve and modernise Indian physical culture.

Question 25Growth, Development and Motor Learning

In the study of human growth and development, which term refers specifically to an increase in body size or mass that can be measured in centimetres or kilograms?

  1. Growth Correct answer.
  2. Development
  3. Maturation
  4. Motor learning

Explanation

Growth denotes a quantitative, measurable increase in body size or mass, such as height gain in centimetres or weight gain in kilograms. Development is broader and refers to progressive changes in function and complexity, while maturation is the timing of those changes and motor learning is a change in skill capability.

Question 26Growth, Development and Motor Learning

A physical education teacher records that a 13-year-old student has grown 9 cm in one year. Which concept does this record most directly illustrate?

  1. Motor learning
  2. Growth spurt Correct answer.
  3. Developmental delay
  4. Skill retention

Explanation

A rapid increase in height during adolescence is the classic growth spurt, driven largely by the adolescent hormone surge. It is a quantitative change in stature, so it belongs to growth rather than to learning, retention or delay.

Question 27Growth, Development and Motor Learning

According to the cephalocaudal principle of development, which pattern describes how motor control emerges in infants?

  1. Control develops from the head and trunk downward toward the legs. Correct answer.
  2. Control develops equally in all body parts at the same time.
  3. Control develops from the extremities inward toward the trunk.
  4. Control develops first in the legs and last in the head.

Explanation

The cephalocaudal principle states that development proceeds from head to tail, so infants gain head and neck control before trunk control and later control of the legs. This is why lifting the head precedes sitting, crawling and walking in the normal sequence.

Question 28Growth, Development and Motor Learning

Which statement best describes the relationship between physical growth and motor performance during childhood?

  1. Growth and motor performance are completely unrelated.
  2. Motor performance declines whenever body size increases.
  3. Improved motor performance depends on growth alone and needs no practice.
  4. Growth sets the potential for performance, but practice and experience are needed to realise it. Correct answer.

Explanation

Growth provides the structural base, such as longer limbs and greater muscle mass, that raises the ceiling for performance. Whether a child actually performs better depends on practice, instruction and experience, so growth and learning interact rather than acting alone.

Question 29Growth, Development and Motor Learning

Which of the following is the best example of a fundamental movement skill rather than a sport-specific skill?

  1. A smash in badminton
  2. A jump shot in basketball
  3. A penalty flick in hockey
  4. A two-footed standing jump Correct answer.

Explanation

Fundamental movement skills are the basic building blocks such as running, jumping, throwing and catching that underpin later sport-specific techniques. The standing jump is generic and transferable, whereas the penalty flick, jump shot and smash are specialised techniques of particular sports.

Question 30Growth, Development and Motor Learning

In motor learning, which term describes the relatively permanent change in a learner's capability to perform a skill that results from practice or experience?

  1. Motor learning Correct answer.
  2. Fatigue
  3. Warm-up effect
  4. Performance

Explanation

Motor learning is defined by a relatively permanent change in capability brought about by practice or experience. Performance is only the observable behaviour at a given moment and can fluctuate with fatigue, motivation or warm-up without any real learning having occurred.

Question 31Growth, Development and Motor Learning

A coach teaches a new badminton serve by breaking it into grip, stance, toss and swing components, and the learner practises each part before joining them. Which practice approach is being used?

  1. Whole practice
  2. Massed practice
  3. Part practice Correct answer.
  4. Variable practice

Explanation

Part practice means practising the separate components of a skill before combining them into the whole action. It is preferred for complex, low-organisation skills whose parts can be isolated, whereas whole practice would rehearse the entire serve from the start.

Question 32Growth, Development and Motor Learning

Which statement best distinguishes massed practice from distributed practice?

  1. Massed practice refers to practising several different skills in random order.
  2. Massed practice always produces better retention than distributed practice.
  3. Massed practice uses longer rest intervals between trials than distributed practice.
  4. Massed practice involves little or no rest between trials, while distributed practice inserts rest intervals. Correct answer.

Explanation

The distinction is the amount of rest between trials: massed practice is continuous with minimal rest, while distributed practice inserts rest or lighter activity between trials. Distributed practice generally favours learning and retention, especially for beginners, because it reduces fatigue.

Question 33Growth, Development and Motor Learning

In Fitts and Posner's model of skill acquisition, which stage is characterised by large errors, inconsistent performance and heavy reliance on conscious thought?

  1. Autonomous stage
  2. Cognitive stage Correct answer.
  3. Retention stage
  4. Associative stage

Explanation

The cognitive stage is the first phase of learning, where the learner must understand the task and relies heavily on conscious thought, producing many large and inconsistent errors. The associative stage refines the skill and the autonomous stage makes it largely automatic.

Question 34Growth, Development and Motor Learning

A learner can perform a tennis forehand smoothly and accurately while talking to a friend, showing little conscious attention to the movement. Which stage of skill learning does this indicate?

  1. Associative stage
  2. Autonomous stage Correct answer.
  3. Cognitive stage
  4. Pre-control stage

Explanation

In the autonomous stage the skill becomes automatic and requires little conscious attention, so a performer can hold a conversation while executing it accurately. The cognitive stage needs intense concentration, and the associative stage still requires attention to refine technique.

Question 35Growth, Development and Motor Learning

Which type of feedback is a coach's verbal comment such as 'bend your knees more on landing'?

  1. Intrinsic feedback
  2. Extrinsic feedback Correct answer.
  3. Concurrent feedback
  4. Knowledge of results

Explanation

Extrinsic, or augmented, feedback comes from an outside source such as a coach's verbal instruction. Intrinsic feedback arises from the performer's own senses, so the coach's comment is external information added to what the learner feels.

Question 36Growth, Development and Motor Learning

A goalkeeper is told after a save that the ball crossed the goal line, but she is not told how to improve her diving technique. Which type of feedback has she received?

  1. Knowledge of performance
  2. Knowledge of results Correct answer.
  3. Intrinsic feedback
  4. Prescriptive feedback

Explanation

Knowledge of results is feedback about the outcome of the action, such as whether the ball crossed the line. Knowledge of performance would describe the quality of the movement itself, for example the position of the arms during the dive.

Question 37Growth, Development and Motor Learning

Which practice schedule is most likely to promote long-term retention and transfer of a football passing skill?

  1. Practising only the strongest foot in a fixed pattern
  2. Practising only once a week with no variation
  3. Practising the same pass from the same spot repeatedly in a blocked sequence
  4. Practising varied passes from different distances and angles in random order Correct answer.

Explanation

Variable and random practice conditions require the learner to adapt the skill to changing demands, which generally improves retention and transfer even though performance during practice may look less tidy. Blocked, fixed repetition tends to produce good practice performance but weaker transfer.

Question 38Growth, Development and Motor Learning

Which of the following best illustrates the proximodistal principle of development?

  1. An infant controls the toes before the trunk.
  2. An infant controls the shoulder and upper arm before the fingers and hand. Correct answer.
  3. An infant lifts the head before sitting upright.
  4. An infant walks before crawling.

Explanation

The proximodistal principle states that development proceeds from the centre of the body outward, so control of the trunk and upper arm appears before fine control of the hands and fingers. Head-before-trunk control illustrates the separate cephalocaudal principle.

Question 39Growth, Development and Motor Learning

A teacher wants to assess whether a learner has truly learned a new skill rather than merely performed well on the day. Which approach is most appropriate?

  1. Measure performance once at the end of the practice session
  2. Test the skill again after a rest interval and in a slightly different setting Correct answer.
  3. Ask the learner to rate their own confidence immediately after practice
  4. Record only the best single trial of the session

Explanation

Retention and transfer tests conducted after a delay and in changed conditions reveal whether the change in capability is relatively permanent. A single end-of-session measure or a best trial can reflect temporary factors such as fatigue, motivation or warm-up rather than learning.

Question 40Growth, Development and Motor Learning

During adolescence, which change is most likely to cause a temporary decline in a learner's coordination and balance in previously well-learned skills?

  1. A consistent daily warm-up routine
  2. A steady improvement in muscular endurance
  3. A gradual increase in practice time
  4. A rapid growth spurt that changes limb length and body proportions Correct answer.

Explanation

Rapid growth changes limb length, lever arms and the body's centre of mass, so previously automated movement patterns may temporarily feel awkward or less coordinated. This 'adolescent awkwardness' is a phase of adjustment, not a loss of ability, and it resolves as the learner recalibrates.

Question 41Growth, Development and Motor Learning

Which statement best explains why a young child's ability to throw for distance improves markedly between ages six and twelve?

  1. The child's throwing arm grows longer and stronger, and practice refines the coordination of the throw. Correct answer.
  2. The child relies entirely on innate reflexes that emerge at this age.
  3. The child's body proportions remain unchanged while only motivation increases.
  4. The child's nervous system stops developing, so movement becomes simpler.

Explanation

Distance throwing improves because growth increases limb length and muscle mass while practice refines the sequential coordination of hips, trunk and arm. Both structural maturation and learned technique contribute, so improvement cannot be attributed to growth or practice alone.

Question 42Growth, Development and Motor Learning

A coach gives a beginner a demonstration and a brief explanation of a new skill before practice. Which learning phase does this primarily support?

  1. The autonomous phase, because the skill becomes automatic immediately
  2. The retention phase, because the learner is recalling a previous skill
  3. The cognitive phase, because the learner is forming an understanding of the task Correct answer.
  4. The transfer phase, because the learner is applying a skill to a new context

Explanation

Demonstration and explanation build the learner's mental model of the task, which is the central work of the cognitive phase. Automatic performance and transfer come later, once the learner has practised and refined the movement.

Question 43Growth, Development and Motor Learning

A coach notices that a learner performs well in blocked practice but poorly in a match. Which explanation is most consistent with motor learning research?

  1. The learner has reached the autonomous stage and no longer needs practice.
  2. Blocked practice builds strong but context-specific performance that does not transfer well to unpredictable match conditions. Correct answer.
  3. Blocked practice is always superior for retention and the match result is simply bad luck.
  4. The match environment has no influence on the expression of a learned skill.

Explanation

Blocked practice can inflate performance during practice while limiting the learner's ability to adapt the skill to varied, unpredictable situations. Variable and random practice creates the contextual flexibility that transfers better to match play, even if practice performance looks less polished.

Question 44Growth, Development and Motor Learning

Which sequence correctly reflects the general order of motor development in infancy for the control of posture and locomotion?

  1. Head control, sitting, crawling, walking Correct answer.
  2. Walking, sitting, head control, crawling
  3. Crawling, head control, walking, sitting
  4. Sitting, walking, head control, crawling

Explanation

Motor development follows a cephalocaudal sequence, with head and neck control appearing first, then trunk control for sitting, then crawling, and finally upright walking. This order reflects the progressive maturation of postural control from head to feet.

Question 45Anatomy, Physiology and Exercise Physiology

During a 100-metre sprint at the AHSEC inter-school athletics meet, which muscle fibre type predominates in the athlete's quadriceps to sustain the rapid, forceful contractions required?

  1. Cardiac muscle fibres
  2. Type IIb fast glycolytic fibres Correct answer.
  3. Type I slow oxidative fibres
  4. Smooth muscle fibres

Explanation

Sprinting demands brief, explosive force delivered faster than oxygen delivery allows, so the body recruits fast glycolytic (Type IIb) fibres that rely on stored glycogen and produce high tension quickly. Type I fibres contract slowly and are suited to endurance work rather than maximal speed. Cardiac and smooth muscle are involuntary tissues and play no role in voluntary limb propulsion.

Question 46Anatomy, Physiology and Exercise Physiology

A Physical Education student measures a classmate's resting heart rate as 72 beats per minute and stroke volume as 70 mL. What is the cardiac output?

  1. 504 litres per minute
  2. 5.04 litres per minute Correct answer.
  3. 50.4 litres per minute
  4. 0.504 litres per minute

Explanation

Cardiac output equals heart rate multiplied by stroke volume, so 72 beats per minute × 70 mL gives 5040 mL, which is 5.04 litres per minute. This value falls within the normal adult resting range of roughly 4.5 to 5.5 litres per minute. The other figures arise from misplaced decimal points.

Question 47Anatomy, Physiology and Exercise Physiology

Which structure of the respiratory system is the primary site of gaseous exchange between air and blood?

  1. Bronchus
  2. Alveolus Correct answer.
  3. Trachea
  4. Larynx

Explanation

Alveoli are tiny air sacs with an extremely thin, moist wall surrounded by a dense capillary network, allowing oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse across the respiratory membrane. The trachea, bronchi and larynx are conducting airways that move air but have thick walls unsuited to diffusion. Exchange therefore occurs almost entirely at alveolar level.

Question 48Anatomy, Physiology and Exercise Physiology

A long-distance runner shows a marked increase in tidal volume and a slight rise in breathing frequency during steady running. Which immediate effect does this produce?

  1. Increased minute ventilation Correct answer.
  2. Lowered pulmonary diffusion capacity
  3. Reduced alveolar ventilation
  4. Decreased oxygen uptake

Explanation

Minute ventilation is the product of tidal volume and breathing frequency, so raising either factor increases the total volume of air moved per minute. This supports the higher oxygen demand of working muscles and helps clear carbon dioxide. The other options describe reductions that would impair rather than support exercise.

Question 49Anatomy, Physiology and Exercise Physiology

Which blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart towards the lungs?

  1. Pulmonary artery Correct answer.
  2. Pulmonary vein
  3. Aorta
  4. Systemic artery

Explanation

The pulmonary artery is the exception to the general rule that arteries carry oxygenated blood; it transports deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. The aorta and other systemic arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the left side of the heart. Pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood to the left atrium.

Question 50Anatomy, Physiology and Exercise Physiology

During a hockey match a player performs repeated short sprints with brief recovery. Which energy system supplies most of the ATP during the first 10 seconds of each maximal effort?

  1. Krebs cycle
  2. Aerobic oxidation of fat
  3. Phosphagen (ATP-CP) system Correct answer.
  4. Lactic acid system

Explanation

The phosphagen system uses stored ATP and creatine phosphate to regenerate ATP almost instantly, dominating maximal efforts lasting under about 10 seconds. The lactic acid system takes over for high-intensity work of roughly 10 to 60 seconds, while aerobic pathways dominate longer efforts. Fat oxidation and the Krebs cycle are aerobic and far too slow for an explosive start.