Bihar Panchayat Secretary cheat sheet
Bihar Panchayat Secretary · Keep the key ideas within reach.
Hindi and English Language
Hindi grammar: संधि (स्वर, व्यंजन, विसर्ग), समास के 6 भेद (तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारय, बहुव्रीहि, द्विगु, द्वंद्व, अव्ययीभाव), उपसर्ग–प्रत्यय, संज्ञा/सर्वनाम/क्रिया/काल के भेद.
मुहावरे व लोकुक्तियाँ अर्थ सहित याद करें; वाक्य-शुद्धि में लिंग, वचन, कारक व पदक्रम की अशुद्धियाँ पहचानें; रस, अलंकार (अनुप्रास, उपमा, रूपक, यमक, श्लेष) के उदाहरण.
English grammar: subject–verb agreement, articles (a/an/the), prepositions of time/place, tenses (present perfect vs past simple), active–passive voice, direct–indirect speech.
Vocabulary: synonym/antonym, one-word substitution, idioms and phrases, spelling correction, homophones (their/there, affect/effect).
Comprehension strategy: read the passage twice, answer only from the text, eliminate extreme options; for cloze tests check grammar agreement before meaning.
Error spotting: check each underlined part against rule order-article → noun number → verb form → preposition → pronoun.
Sentence arrangement (parajumbles): find the opening sentence (no pronoun reference, general statement), then link by pronouns and connectors.
Mathematics and Numerical Ability
Percentage: x% of N = (x/100)·N; increase then decrease of same p% gives net change = −(p²/100)%.
Profit/Loss: SP = CP(100+P)/100; discount on marked price; successive discounts a% and b% ⇒ single discount = a + b − ab/100.
Simple Interest SI = PRT/100; Compound Interest A = P(1+R/100)^T; difference SI–CI for 2 years = P(R/100)².
Time–Speed–Distance: D = S·T; km/h → m/s multiply by 5/18; trains crossing each other add speeds, crossing a pole use own length.
Average = sum/count; new member effect = old average ± change/count; weighted average = Σwx/Σw.
Ratio and proportion: if a:b = c:d then ad = bc; partnership profit ratio = capital × time.
Time and work: 1 day work = 1/n; combined rate = sum of individual rates; M1D1H1/W1 = M2D2H2/W2.
Mensuration: area circle = πr², triangle = ½bh, rectangle = lb; volume cylinder = πr²h, cuboid = lbh; Pythagoras for right triangles.
Number system: divisibility by 3 (digit sum), by 4 (last two digits), by 11 (alternating sum); LCM × HCF = product of two numbers.
General Studies (Polity, Geography, History, Economy, Current Affairs)
Constitution: adopted 26 Nov 1949, enforced 26 Jan 1950; Fundamental Rights Part III (Art 12–35), DPSP Part IV (Art 36–51), Fundamental Duties Art 51A (42nd Amendment, 1976).
President: elected by electoral college (elected MPs + elected MLAs), impeachment Art 61; PM appointed by President, Art 74/75; Council of Ministers responsible to Lok Sabha (Art 75(3)).
Parliament: Lok Sabha max 552, Rajya Sabha max 250 (238 elected + 12 nominated); Money Bill only in Lok Sabha, Art 110, Speaker certifies.
Judiciary: Supreme Court Art 124, High Court Art 214; writs under Art 32 (SC) and Art 226 (HC) - habeas corpus, mandamus, certiorari, prohibition, quo warranto.
Geography: Tropic of Cancer passes through 8 Indian states; Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, Deccan Plateau; monsoon from southwest (June–Sept) and northeast (Oct–Dec).
History: Indus Valley (Harappa, Mohenjodaro), Mauryan (Ashoka, Kalinga 261 BCE), Gupta golden age, 1857 revolt, INC 1885, Quit India 1942, Independence 1947.
Economy: GDP, inflation (CPI/WPI), RBI monetary policy (repo, reverse repo, CRR, SLR), NITI Aayog replaced Planning Commission in 2015.
Current affairs: track central schemes, budget highlights, census/NFHS data, sports and awards; note Bihar-relevant national announcements.
Bihar-Specific General Knowledge
Capital Patna; state formed 22 March 1912 (as Bihar and Orissa), Bihar separated 1 April 1936; 38 districts; official language Hindi, additional Urdu.
Rivers: Ganga (main), Sone, Gandak, Kosi ("sorrow of Bihar"), Bagmati, Falgu; Kosi causes severe floods in north Bihar.
Ancient seats: Nalanda (Mahavihara), Vikramshila, Bodh Gaya (Buddha's enlightenment), Rajgir, Vaishali (first republic/Licchavi), Pataliputra (Mauryan capital).
Culture: Chhath Puja, Madhubani/Mithila painting, Siki/ Sujani embroidery, Jat-Jatin and Bidesia folk dances, Sonepur cattle fair (world's largest).
Tourism: Mahabodhi Temple (UNESCO), Nalanda ruins, Barabar caves, Valmiki National Park (only national park), Kanwar Lake (only oxbow lake).
Economy: agriculture-dominant; litchi of Muzaffarpur, makhana of Darbhanga/Madhubani, Shahi litchi GI tag; Bihar Diwas 22 March.
Schemes: Mukhyamantri Kanya Utthan Yojana, Student Credit Card, Jal-Jeevan-Hariyali, Saat Nishchay; Bihar Panchayat elections held on party symbols unlike many states.
Panchayati Raj and 73rd Constitutional Amendment
73rd Amendment Act 1992, effective 24 April 1993, inserted Part IX (Art 243 to 243-O) and Eleventh Schedule listing 29 subjects for panchayats.
Three tiers: Gram Panchayat (village), Panchayat Samiti (block/intermediate), Zila Parishad (district); states with population below 20 lakh may not constitute intermediate tier (Art 243B).
Elections: Art 243E - every 5 years; if dissolved earlier, fresh election within 6 months; State Election Commission (Art 243K) conducts panchayat elections.
Reservation: Art 243D - SC/ST in proportion to population; not less than one-third seats for women (including SC/ST quota); State may provide OBC reservation.
Gram Sabha (Art 243A): all registered voters of a village; powers and functions assigned by State Legislature.
State Finance Commission (Art 243I) constituted every 5 years to review panchayat finances; Union Finance Commission also grants (Art 280).
Art 243G: States may devolve powers for 29 subjects of Eleventh Schedule; Art 243H empowers taxation; Art 243-O bars court interference in electoral matters.
District Planning Committee under Art 243ZD; disqualification for panchayat membership under Art 243F.
Bihar Panchayat Raj Act and State Rural Governance Rules
Bihar Panchayat Raj Act, 2006 governs panchayats in Bihar, replacing earlier 1993 Act; three tiers - Gram Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti, Zila Parishad.
Gram Panchayat: Mukhiya (elected head), elected ward members (Panch), Gram Panchayat Raj Officer (GPRO) as administrative support; Up-Mukhiya elected by members.
Panchayat Samiti: Pramukh (head), Up-Pramukh; Zila Parishad: Adhyaksh and Up-Adhyaksh; Chief Executive Officer for Zila Parishad.
Bihar reserves 50% seats for women in panchayats (higher than constitutional minimum of one-third); reservation for SC/ST/OBC as per state rules.
Gram Sabha meetings: minimum prescribed quorum; functions include approval of plans, beneficiary lists, social audit of works.
Bihar State Election Commission conducts panchayat elections; elections held on political party symbols in Bihar.
Standing committees: Ambedkar Vikas Samiti, Mahila Vikas Samiti, Shiksha Samiti, Swasthya Samiti, etc., at panchayat level for functional oversight.
Sources of funds: own taxes, state grants, Central Finance Commission grants, MGNREGA and 15th Finance Commission tied/united grants.
Basic Computer Knowledge and Office Applications
Hardware vs software: CPU (ALU + control unit), RAM volatile, ROM non-volatile; input devices (keyboard, mouse, scanner), output (monitor, printer).
Shortcuts: Ctrl+C copy, Ctrl+V paste, Ctrl+X cut, Ctrl+Z undo, Ctrl+Y redo, Ctrl+S save, Ctrl+P print, Ctrl+F find, Alt+F4 close, Ctrl+N new.
MS Word: styles, mail merge, header/footer, page setup, track changes, table insert; file extensions .docx.
MS Excel: cell reference ($A$1 absolute, A1 relative), formulas =SUM(), =AVERAGE(), =IF(), =VLOOKUP(); charts; file extension .xlsx.
MS PowerPoint: slide master, transitions vs animations, slide show F5; file extension .pptx.
Internet: URL, HTTP/HTTPS, browser, search engine; email fields To/Cc/Bcc; attachment limits; spam and phishing awareness.
Cyber safety: strong passwords, two-factor authentication, avoid unknown links; digital signature for e-governance forms.
E-governance in Bihar: e-Panchayat, ServicePlus, RTPS (Right to Public Service) portals used for certificates and scheme delivery.