Bihar Panchayat Secretary flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

संधि

दो वर्णों के मेल से उत्पन्न परिवर्तन को संधि कहते हैं। इसके तीन भेद हैं-स्वर संधि, व्यंजन संधि और विसर्ग संधि। उदाहरण: विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय (स्वर संधि)।

समास

दो या अधिक शब्दों के मेल से बने संक्षिप्त पद को समास कहते हैं। मुख्य भेद छह हैं-तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारय, बहुव्रीहि, द्विगु, द्वंद्व और अव्ययीभाव। जैसे राजपुत्र में तत्पुरुष समास है।

Active to Passive Voice

The object of an active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence, and the verb becomes a form of 'be' plus the past participle. Example: 'She writes a letter' becomes 'A letter is written by her.'

One-word substitution

A single word that replaces a phrase. Examples: 'one who loves mankind' is philanthropist; 'a place where books are kept' is library; 'fear of water' is hydrophobia. These are frequently asked in vocabulary sections.

Successive discount formula

For two successive discounts of a% and b%, the single equivalent discount equals a + b − ab/100. Example: 10% and 20% give 10 + 20 − 2 = 28% single discount on the marked price.

Simple vs Compound Interest

Simple interest is PRT/100 on the original principal for every year. Compound interest adds each year's interest to the principal. For two years, CI − SI equals P(R/100)².

Time and Work rule

If a person completes work in n days, one day's work is 1/n. Combined one-day work of two persons is the sum of their individual rates, and total time is the reciprocal of that sum.

Speed conversion

To convert kilometres per hour to metres per second, multiply by 5/18. To convert metres per second to kilometres per hour, multiply by 18/5. A train crossing a pole covers only its own length.

LCM and HCF relation

For two positive integers, LCM × HCF equals the product of the two numbers. This relation helps find the unknown LCM or HCF quickly when the numbers and one of these values are given.

Average with new member

When a new member joins a group of n persons and the average changes by d, the new member's value equals old average ± (n + 1) × d, depending on whether the average rises or falls.

Fundamental Rights

Guaranteed in Part III, Articles 12 to 35, of the Constitution. They include equality, freedom, protection against exploitation, religion, cultural and educational rights, and constitutional remedies under Article 32.

Money Bill

Defined in Article 110; deals only with taxation, borrowing, and Consolidated Fund matters. It can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha with the President's recommendation, and the Speaker certifies it.

Five writs

Habeas corpus (produce the detained person), mandamus (command a public authority), certiorari (quash an order), prohibition (prevent excess jurisdiction), and quo warranto (question authority to hold office).

Monetary policy tools

The RBI uses the repo rate, reverse repo rate, cash reserve ratio, statutory liquidity ratio, and open market operations to control money supply and inflation in the economy.

Tropic of Cancer in India

It passes through eight states: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, and Mizoram. It crosses India roughly through the middle of the country.

NITI Aayog

Formed on 1 January 2015, it replaced the Planning Commission as the government's policy think tank. The Prime Minister is its chairperson, and it promotes cooperative and competitive federalism.

Kosi River

A Himalayan river in north Bihar known as the 'sorrow of Bihar' because it shifts course and causes severe floods. It joins the Ganga near Kursela in Katihar district.

Madhubani painting

A traditional Mithila folk painting style from the Madhubani region of Bihar. It uses natural colours, geometric patterns, and themes of Hindu deities, weddings, and nature, often on walls and paper.

Chhath Puja

A major Bihar festival dedicated to the Sun god and Chhathi Maiya. Devotees observe fasting and offer arghya to the setting and rising sun on the banks of rivers and ponds.

Sonepur cattle fair

Held at Sonepur in Saran district at the confluence of the Ganga and Gandak, it is among the largest cattle fairs in Asia. It begins on Kartik Purnima and draws traders from many states.

Bihar Diwas

Observed every year on 22 March, marking the day in 1912 when Bihar was carved out as a separate province from Bengal. It celebrates the state's history, culture, and achievements.

Valmiki National Park

The only national park in Bihar, located in West Champaran district on the Indo-Nepal border. It forms part of the Valmiki Tiger Reserve and supports tigers, leopards, and sal forests.

73rd Amendment Act

Passed in 1992 and effective from 24 April 1993, it inserted Part IX (Articles 243 to 243-O) and the Eleventh Schedule with 29 subjects, giving constitutional status to Panchayati Raj institutions.

Gram Sabha

Under Article 243A, it consists of all persons registered in the electoral rolls of a village. Its powers and functions are assigned by the State Legislature, including plan approval and social audit.

State Election Commission

Under Article 243K, it conducts elections to panchayats and municipalities. It is appointed by the Governor and is independent of the Election Commission of India, which handles only Parliament and state legislatures.

Eleventh Schedule

Added by the 73rd Amendment, it lists 29 subjects such as agriculture, land improvement, minor irrigation, rural housing, drinking water, education, health, and poverty alleviation, which states may devolve to panchayats.

State Finance Commission

Constituted every five years under Article 243I by the Governor to review the financial position of panchayats and recommend the distribution of taxes and grants between the state and local bodies.

Bihar Panchayat Raj Act 2006

The state law governing panchayats in Bihar. It provides for three tiers-Gram Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti, and Zila Parishad-with a Mukhiya, Pramukh, and Adhyaksh as elected heads respectively.

Mukhiya and Pramukh

The Mukhiya is the elected head of a Gram Panchayat, while the Pramukh heads the Panchayat Samiti at the block level. The Zila Parishad is headed by the Adhyaksh.

Bihar women's reservation

Bihar reserves 50 percent of seats for women in all three tiers of panchayats, which is higher than the one-third minimum mandated by Article 243D of the Constitution.

MS Excel cell reference

A relative reference such as A1 changes when copied to another cell. An absolute reference such as $A$1 stays fixed, and a mixed reference fixes either the row or the column using the dollar sign.

Common keyboard shortcuts

Ctrl+C copies, Ctrl+V pastes, Ctrl+X cuts, Ctrl+Z undoes, Ctrl+S saves, Ctrl+F finds text, and Ctrl+P prints. Alt+F4 closes the active window in Windows applications.