Odisha BSE HSC Sanskrit (Third Language) flashcards

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अनुस्वार assimilation rule

Anusvāra before a stop consonant of a varga becomes the nasal of that same varga: तं + क = तङ्क, तं + च = तञ्च, तं + प = तम्प. Before semivowels and sibilants the anusvāra is generally kept unchanged.

Visarga before vowel

A final visarga followed by a vowel usually becomes r, giving forms like रामः + अपि → रामोऽपि. This is visarga sandhi and is a frequent objective question on the Odisha HSC paper.

गुण sandhi

अ or आ followed by इ or ई gives ए; followed by उ or ऊ gives ओ; followed by ऋ gives अर्. Example: सूर्य + उदयः → सूर्योदयः, and नर + इन्द्रः → नरेन्द्रः.

वृद्धि sandhi

अ or आ followed by ए or ऐ gives ऐ, and followed by ओ or औ gives औ. Thus एक + एक = एकैक and सः + अपि-type forms yield औ in cases like गङ्गा + ओघः → गङ्गौघः.

यण् sandhi

A short or long इ/उ/ऋ vowel followed by a dissimilar vowel becomes the corresponding semivowel य्, व्, र्. Example: इति + अपि → इत्यपि; मधु + अरि → मध्वरि.

राम declension first case

Masculine अ-stem प्रथमा vibhakti: singular रामः, dual रामौ, plural रामाः. The same pattern applies to बालक, गुरु-type अ-stems and to सः/तत् pronouns with their own forms.

राम declension sixth case

षष्ठी of राम is रामस्य (singular), रामयोः (dual), रामाणाम् (plural). The plural ending -आणाम् is the marker of अ-stem masculine and neuter nouns.

लट् present endings

परस्मैपद present: third person -ति -तः -न्ति; second person -सि -थः -थ; first person -मि -वः -मः. आत्मनेपद substitutes -ते -ेते -न्ते and so on for the same persons.

लङ् imperfect formation

लङ् (past tense) adds the augment अ- before the root and takes secondary endings: अपठत्, अपठताम्, अपठन्. It is used for narrative past in prose passages.

लोट् imperative

लोट् expresses command or request: पठतु (let him read), पठतम्, पठन्तु; पठ (read!), पठतम्, पठत. The second-person singular often drops the final -तु.

विधिलिङ् optative

विधिलिङ् expresses duty or wish: पठेत् (he should read), पठेयुः, भवेत्. It is commonly used with words like युक्तम्, उचितम्, or in blessings and instructions.

क्त past participle

The प्रत्यय क्त forms a past passive participle from the root, often with vowel change: कृ → कृत, गम् → गत, पठ् → पठित. It declines like a three-gender adjective.

तव्यत् obligation

The प्रत्यय तव्यत् forms a gerundive meaning 'to be done': कर्तव्यम् (must be done), पठितव्यम्. The agent appears in तृतीया and the object in प्रथमा in such constructions.

क्तवतु perfect participle

क्तवतु marks an action completed by the subject and is active in sense: कृतवान् (he did), गतवती (she went). It declines like a pronoun in all three genders.

कर्मणि प्रयोग

In passive voice the object takes प्रथमा and the agent takes तृतीया: रामेण ग्रन्थः पठ्यते. The verb agrees with the object in person and number, not with the agent.

करण vibhakti

The instrument or means of an action takes तृतीया: लेखन्या लिखति (he writes with a pen). With passive verbs the same तृतीया marks the agent, so context decides the role.

सम्प्रदान vibhakti

The recipient of giving or the person for whom something is done takes चतुर्थी: बालकाय फलं ददाति. Verbs like दा, दिश्, and याच् regularly govern this vibhakti.

अपादान vibhakti

The source from which something departs takes पञ्चमी: ग्रामात् आगच्छति (he comes from the village). Fear, protection, and removal verbs also take this vibhakti.

अधिकरण vibhakti

The locus, time, or occasion of an action takes सप्तमी: ग्रामे वसति (he lives in the village), प्रातःकाले. Place and time both fall under अधिकरण kāraka.

तत्पुरुष समास

A compound whose last member is the principal one and whose earlier members qualify it: राजपुत्र (king's son), नीलोत्पल (blue lotus). The case relation hidden in the compound is shown in the vigraha.

द्वन्द्व समास

A compound joining two or more words of equal status, usually linked by च: रामलक्ष्मणौ (Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa), मातापितरौ. The vigraha uses च between the members.

बहुव्रीहि समास

A compound denoting someone or something other than its members: दशरथः (one whose chariot is ten), पीताम्बरः (wearing yellow cloth). The vigraha explains the possessor.

अव्ययीभाव समास

A compound beginning with an indeclinable and behaving as an indeclinable: प्रतिदिनम् (day by day), यथाशक्ति (according to ability). It is treated as neuter singular.

कर्मधारय समास

A compound whose members stand in apposition or quality: नीलकमलम् (blue lotus), महात्मा (great soul). The earlier member is an adjective qualifying the last.

प्रथमा विभक्ति कर्ता

With active verbs the subject takes प्रथमा: रामः पठति. The verb agrees with this subject in person and number; with two subjects the dual or plural is used.

द्वितीया विभक्ति कर्म

The direct object of a transitive active verb takes द्वितीया: फलं खादति (he eats a fruit). Verbs like गम्, पठ्, खाद्, दृश् regularly govern this vibhakti.

Neuter अ-stem declension

Neuter अ-stems like फल and जल have identical प्रथमा and द्वितीया: फलम्, फले, फलानि. The remaining cases follow the masculine pattern with तृतीया फलेन, षष्ठी फलस्य.

आत्मनेपद present paradigm

आत्मनेपद present: सेवते, सेवेते, सेवन्ते; सेवसे, सेवेथे, सेवध्वे; सेवे, सेवावहे, सेवामहे. Verbs like सेव्, लभ्, and वृत् take these endings.

Pronoun तत् declension

Masculine तत्: सः, तौ, ते; तम्, तौ, तान्; तेन, ताभ्याम्, तैः; तस्मै; तस्मात्; तस्य, तयोः, तेषाम्; तस्मिन्. Neuter uses तत्, ते, तानि.

सन्धि vs विग्रह

सन्धि joins words into one form; विग्रह splits a compound or sandhi form back into its members. Exam items usually ask for the vigraha of a given compound or the sandhi of two words.

Aspirated consonants

Aspirated stops (ख घ छ झ ठ ढ थ ध फ भ) are pronounced with a following breath, and they contrast with unaspirated क ग च ज ट ड त द प ब. Odisha spellings depend on this contrast.

Retroflex ष and ट

The sibilant ष and the retroflex stops ट ठ ड ढ ण are pronounced with the tongue curled back. Words like ऋषि, पुरुष, and कष्ट require ष, not स.

Sanskrit numerals

Cardinals: एक, द्वि, त्रि, चतुर्, पञ्च, षट्, सप्त, अष्ट, नव, दश. Ordinals: प्रथम, द्वितीय, तृतीय, चतुर्थ, पञ्चम. द्वि and त्रि decline in dual and plural forms.