Grammar (قواعد): word formation, morphology, and sentence structure
Domain 3 - Grammar (قواعد). Questions appear as fill-in-the-blank, matching a مصدر to its derivatives, choosing the correct preposition, singular↔plural conversion, and sentence correction.
Morphology: build everything from the masdar
Take مصدر نوشتن: past stem نوشت- , present stem نویس-.
- اسم فاعل: نویسنده (writer) - present stem + ـنده
- اسم مفعول: نوشته (written) - past stem + ـہ
- امر: بنویس (write!) - بـ + present stem
- ماضی / مضارع: نوشت / مینویسد
Plurals and gender
Persian has no grammatical gender. Plural: ـها for things (کتابها), ـان for human or animate nouns (دانشجویان), plus Arabic broken plurals (کتاب → کتب). Adjectives do not agree with their nouns.
Sentence structure
Order is SOV: subject - object + را - verb. The ezafe (ـِ) chains a head noun outward to its modifiers: کتابِ تاریخِ ایران. The particle را marks a definite direct object. Core prepositions: بہ، از، در، با، برای، بر. Question particle: آیا. Negation: نہ / نـ / بی.
Worked example
این نامہ بہ دستِ من نوشتہ شد.
- نوشتہ شد = past participle + شد → passive, "was written" (not "wrote").
- بہ دستِ من = agent phrase, "by my hand".
- Meaning: "Yeh khat mere haath se likha gaya." Derivation check: نوشت (past) → نوشتہ (participle) → passive with شدن.
Traps
- Placing را after an indefinite object; یک کتاب را is normally wrong.
- Writing the ezafe as part of the word (کتابمن).
- Using است where ہست ("is present") belongs.
- Attaching ـان to inanimate nouns.
- Reading the subjunctive بـ as the preposition با.