BSEB Matric Social Science cheat sheet

Indian National Congress founded in 1885 in Bombay; first president W. C. Bonnerjee, founding session attended by 72 delegates.

Partition of Bengal announced in 1905 by Lord Curzon; withdrawn in 1911, and the capital shifted from Calcutta to Delhi in the same year.

Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place on 13 April 1919 in Amritsar under General Dyer; Rowlatt Act had been passed in March 1919.

Non-Cooperation Movement launched in 1920 and withdrawn in February 1922 after the Chauri Chaura incident.

Dandi March began on 12 March 1930 from Sabarmati Ashram; Gandhi walked about 240 miles to Dandi to break the salt law on 6 April 1930.

Quit India Movement resolution passed on 8 August 1942 at Gowaliawa, Bombay; slogan 'Do or Die' is associated with it.

Indian independence and partition fixed by the Indian Independence Act 1947; India became independent on 15 August 1947.

Champaran (1917), Kheda (1918) and Ahmedabad (1918) were Gandhi's first three satyagrahas in India, in that order.

Bihar lies between roughly 24°20'N to 27°31'N latitude and 83°19'E to 88°17'E longitude; it shares borders with Nepal, West Bengal, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh.

The Ganga enters Bihar near Chausa and flows east; major north-bank tributaries are Gandak, Burhi Gandak, Bagmati, Kamala, Kosi and Mahananda.

The Kosi is called the 'Sorrow of Bihar' because of frequent shifting of its course and floods; the Damodar is the 'Sorrow of Bengal'.

The Ganga and its distributary the Hooghly form the western edge of the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta, the largest delta in the world.

Tropic of Cancer (23°30'N) passes through Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram - not through Bihar.

The Western Ghats are continuous and higher (Anamudi 2,695 m is the highest peak in peninsular India); the Eastern Ghats are discontinuous and lower.

Monsoon onset over Kerala is around 1 June; withdrawal from northwest India begins in September, giving Bihar most rain from June to September.

Black soil (regur) is formed from lava and is suited to cotton; alluvial soil covers the northern plains and Bihar's Gangetic plain.

The Preamble declares India a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic and secures justice, liberty, equality and fraternity for all citizens.

Fundamental Rights are in Part III (Articles 12-35); the Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32) is called the 'heart and soul of the Constitution' by Ambedkar.

Directive Principles of State Policy are in Part IV (Articles 36-51); they are not enforceable in courts but guide government policy.

Fundamental Duties are listed in Article 51A (Part IVA), added by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976; there are currently 11 duties.

The President is elected indirectly by an electoral college of elected MPs and elected MLAs; the minimum age is 35 years.

The Prime Minister is appointed by the President and heads the Council of Ministers, which is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.

The Lok Sabha has a maximum strength of 552 (530 states, 20 Union Territories, 2 Anglo-Indians nominated; the nomination provision lapsed in 2020).

A money bill can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha, and only on the President's recommendation; the Rajya Sabha must return it within 14 days.

GDP is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country's domestic territory in a year; it excludes intermediate goods to avoid double counting.

GNP = GDP + net factor income from abroad; NNP = GNP − depreciation; per capita income = national income ÷ population.

Primary sector covers agriculture, mining and fishing; secondary covers manufacturing and construction; tertiary covers services such as trade, transport and banking.

Unemployment types: seasonal (agriculture), disguised (more workers than needed), educated (skill mismatch) and cyclical (deficient demand).

Inflation is a sustained rise in the general price level; it is measured in India by the Consumer Price Index and Wholesale Price Index.

The Reserve Bank of India, established in 1935, is the central bank; it issues currency, controls credit and acts as banker to the government.

NITI Aayog replaced the Planning Commission on 1 January 2015; it is a policy think tank and does not allocate plan funds.

Green Revolution raised food-grain output through HYV seeds, irrigation and fertilisers, mainly wheat in Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh.