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Haryana BSEH Senior Secondary NSQF Physical Education study materials
Haryana BSEH Senior Secondary NSQF Physical Education study resources

Haryana BSEH Senior Secondary NSQF Physical Education practice questions

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Question 1Physical Education and Sports: Foundations and Career Opportunities

In the NSQF-aligned Senior Secondary Physical Education curriculum, which body is responsible for approving the syllabus and conducting the final theory and practical examinations for government schools in Haryana?

  1. Board of School Education Haryana (BSEH), Bhiwani Correct answer.
  2. Haryana State Sports Council
  3. Sports Authority of India (SAI)
  4. National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT)

Explanation

BSEH, headquartered at Bhiwani, is the state examination board that prescribes the Senior Secondary curriculum and conducts the year-end theory and practical assessments for affiliated schools in Haryana. SAI and the State Sports Council run athlete schemes and competitions but do not set or mark school board examinations.

Question 2Physical Education and Sports: Foundations and Career Opportunities

A student wants a career in designing strength and conditioning programmes for state-level athletes. Which combination of study and certification is most directly relevant within the NSQF Physical Education pathway?

  1. Certificate in computer applications with a yoga club membership
  2. Diploma in tourism with a first-aid certificate
  3. Bachelor of Commerce with an athletics participation record
  4. Certificate in fitness instruction plus a physical education degree with sports science electives Correct answer.

Explanation

Strength and conditioning work requires knowledge of exercise physiology, training methodology and safe programme design, which the Physical Education pathway and fitness instruction certifications supply. Participation alone or unrelated diplomas do not build the required technical competence.

Question 3Physical Education and Sports: Foundations and Career Opportunities

Which of the following best describes the role of a 'physical education teacher' as distinct from a 'coach' in the school setting?

  1. Delivers the curriculum to all students and assesses motor and fitness development Correct answer.
  2. Selects and trains only the best performers for inter-school tournaments
  3. Manages the school's sports equipment purchase and store records
  4. Organises only annual sports day events and prize distribution

Explanation

A physical education teacher is responsible for curriculum delivery to every student, including assessment of fitness, motor skills and health concepts. A coach works with selected athletes on performance, while equipment management and event organisation are supporting duties, not the defining role.

Question 4Physical Education and Sports: Foundations and Career Opportunities

Under the Khelo India scheme, what is the primary purpose of the Khelo India Talent Identification and Development pathway for school students?

  1. To recruit physical education teachers for government schools
  2. To replace the state board practical examination with a fitness test
  3. To identify promising young athletes and support their training through scholarships and academies Correct answer.
  4. To provide free textbooks in physical education to all rural schools

Explanation

Khelo India focuses on spotting talented youngsters early and supporting them with financial assistance, training centres and competition exposure. It is a sports development scheme, not an academic, examination or teacher recruitment programme.

Question 5Physical Education and Sports: Foundations and Career Opportunities

Which of the following is the most appropriate first step a physical education student should take when planning a career as a sports physiotherapist?

  1. Join a professional cricket team directly as a support staff member
  2. Obtain only a certificate in first aid and begin treating injuries
  3. Complete a bachelor's degree in physiotherapy after Senior Secondary with a science background Correct answer.
  4. Enrol in a diploma in sports journalism

Explanation

Sports physiotherapy is a regulated health profession requiring formal physiotherapy education, usually a bachelor's degree with science subjects at Senior Secondary level. First aid alone or unrelated diplomas do not provide the legal and clinical competence needed.

Question 6Physical Education and Sports: Foundations and Career Opportunities

Which organisation in India is the apex body responsible for promoting and regulating sports at the national level and for coordinating with national sports federations?

  1. Sports Authority of India (SAI)
  2. Association of Indian Universities (AIU)
  3. National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA)
  4. Indian Olympic Association (IOA) Correct answer.

Explanation

The Indian Olympic Association is the national Olympic committee that coordinates with national federations and represents India in the Olympic movement. SAI handles infrastructure and training support, AIU oversees university sport, and NADA handles anti-doping enforcement.

Question 7Physical Education and Sports: Foundations and Career Opportunities

A student is interested in the scientific measurement of human movement to help athletes correct faulty technique. Which career field does this describe?

  1. Sports marketing
  2. Recreation management
  3. Sports law
  4. Biomechanics Correct answer.

Explanation

Biomechanics applies mechanical principles to analyse movement patterns and improve technique and safety. Marketing, law and recreation management deal with commercial, legal and leisure-service aspects rather than movement analysis.

Question 8Physical Education and Sports: Foundations and Career Opportunities

Which of the following best explains why physical education is described as an 'interdisciplinary' subject in the Senior Secondary curriculum?

  1. It draws on physiology, psychology, biomechanics and sociology to explain physical activity Correct answer.
  2. It replaces the need for science subjects in the curriculum
  3. It is examined only through practical performance without theory
  4. It is taught only by teachers trained in biology

Explanation

Physical education integrates knowledge from several disciplines such as exercise physiology, sports psychology, biomechanics and sociology. It does not replace science subjects, is not limited to biology teachers, and includes a substantial theory component in board examinations.

Question 9Physical Education and Sports: Foundations and Career Opportunities

In the context of career opportunities, which role involves organising leagues, managing venues and ensuring spectator safety during a state-level tournament?

  1. Strength and conditioning coach
  2. Dietician
  3. Referee
  4. Event manager Correct answer.

Explanation

Event management covers planning, venue operations, logistics and safety for competitions. Coaches train athletes, dieticians plan nutrition, and referees enforce playing rules on the field.

Question 10Physical Education and Sports: Foundations and Career Opportunities

Which of the following qualifications is normally required to become a certified yoga instructor in a recognised Indian programme?

  1. Membership of a sports club
  2. Only personal practice of yoga for several years
  3. Formal training and certification from a recognised yoga institution or university Correct answer.
  4. A degree in physical education without any yoga training

Explanation

Recognised yoga instruction requires structured training and certification that covers anatomy, teaching methods and safety. Personal practice or unrelated degrees do not by themselves certify teaching competence.

Question 11Physical Education and Sports: Foundations and Career Opportunities

What is the main objective of the Fit India Movement launched by the Government of India?

  1. To encourage citizens to adopt physical activity and fitness as part of daily life Correct answer.
  2. To build stadiums in every district
  3. To select athletes for the Olympic team
  4. To standardise the physical education syllabus across all boards

Explanation

Fit India is a mass-awareness campaign promoting regular physical activity and healthy lifestyles across age groups. It is not a selection, syllabus-setting or infrastructure-construction programme.

Question 12Physical Education and Sports: Foundations and Career Opportunities

A student wants to work with children who have locomotor disabilities and help them participate in adapted physical activities. Which area of specialisation is most suitable?

  1. Sports journalism
  2. Sports management
  3. Exercise biochemistry
  4. Adaptive physical education Correct answer.

Explanation

Adaptive physical education specialises in modifying activities, equipment and instruction so that persons with disabilities can participate safely. Journalism, management and biochemistry do not focus on inclusive movement programming.

Question 13Physical Education and Sports: Foundations and Career Opportunities

Which of the following correctly pairs a sports career with its primary area of work?

  1. Sports photographer - designing training schedules
  2. Sports nutritionist - planning balanced diets and hydration for athletes Correct answer.
  3. Sports statistician - treating muscle injuries
  4. Sports psychologist - managing ticket sales

Explanation

A sports nutritionist plans diets and hydration strategies to support performance and recovery. Injury treatment belongs to physiotherapy, training design to coaches, and ticket sales to marketing staff.

Question 14Physical Education and Sports: Foundations and Career Opportunities

Which of the following is a key function of the National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA) in the context of sports careers?

  1. Conducting dope testing and educating athletes on clean sport Correct answer.
  2. Selecting national teams for international events
  3. Awarding sports scholarships to school children
  4. Building training academies in each state

Explanation

NADA is responsible for sample collection, results management and anti-doping education in India. Team selection, scholarships and infrastructure are handled by other bodies such as federations, SAI and state governments.

Question 15Physical Education and Sports: Foundations and Career Opportunities

A candidate wishes to become a certified referee in basketball at the state level. Which route is most appropriate?

  1. Simply watch professional matches regularly for two years
  2. Obtain a general fitness certificate from a gym
  3. Join a sports management diploma course
  4. Complete the federation's referee examination and practical assessment after gaining playing or officiating experience Correct answer.

Explanation

Referee certification requires passing the concerned federation's written rules examination and practical assessment, usually after some playing or officiating experience. Observation, gym certificates and management courses do not confer officiating credentials.

Question 16Physical Education and Sports: Foundations and Career Opportunities

Which of the following statements about the scope of physical education as a profession is most accurate?

  1. It applies only to government-run institutions
  2. It is restricted to training athletes for competitions
  3. It is limited to teaching in schools and colleges only
  4. It extends beyond school teaching to include sports science, management, media and health sectors Correct answer.

Explanation

Physical education graduates work in teaching, coaching, sports science, sports management, media, fitness and health promotion across public and private sectors. Limiting the field to teaching, athlete training or government institutions understates its breadth.

Question 17Physical Education and Sports: Foundations and Career Opportunities

Which of the following best explains the difference between 'play' and 'physical education' as understood in the curriculum?

  1. Physical education is planned and structured with defined learning outcomes, while play is largely free and spontaneous Correct answer.
  2. Play is assessed through board examinations while physical education is not
  3. Play always requires a coach while physical education does not
  4. Physical education is only for athletes while play is for everyone

Explanation

Physical education is an organised instructional process with objectives, progression and assessment, whereas play is voluntary and self-directed. Both can be enjoyable and inclusive, and neither is restricted to elite athletes or board assessment.

Question 18Physical Education and Sports: Foundations and Career Opportunities

A student wishes to pursue a career in sports journalism. Which preparation is most relevant?

  1. A physiotherapy degree with no media training
  2. A certificate in yoga instruction
  3. A journalism or mass communication degree combined with strong sports knowledge and reporting practice Correct answer.
  4. A diploma in sports equipment repair

Explanation

Sports journalism requires media training in reporting, writing and broadcasting together with deep knowledge of sport. Clinical, technical or yoga qualifications do not build the reporting skills the role demands.

Question 19Physical Education and Sports: Foundations and Career Opportunities

Which of the following is the most accurate description of the role of a sports psychologist?

  1. Prescribing medicines for sports injuries
  2. Helping athletes manage motivation, anxiety and concentration for performance Correct answer.
  3. Selecting players for the state team
  4. Designing fitness equipment for gymnasiums

Explanation

Sports psychologists apply psychological principles to enhance motivation, emotional control and focus in athletes. Medical prescription, equipment design and team selection belong to other professionals.

Question 20Physical Education and Sports: Foundations and Career Opportunities

In the context of the NSQF framework, what does 'vertical mobility' mean for a student completing a Level 4 Physical Education qualification?

  1. Progressing to higher NSQF levels and further education through recognised pathways Correct answer.
  2. Transferring to a different school within the same district
  3. Moving from a private to a government institution
  4. Changing from one sport to another

Explanation

Vertical mobility under NSQF refers to progression to higher qualification levels and further academic or vocational study. It does not refer to changing schools, sports or institutional type.

Question 21Physical Education and Sports: Foundations and Career Opportunities

Which of the following best explains why first aid knowledge is considered a core competency for physical education professionals?

  1. They are responsible for prescribing medicines to students
  2. They must diagnose chronic diseases during fitness tests
  3. They supervise active participants and must respond promptly to injuries before medical help arrives Correct answer.
  4. They are legally authorised to perform surgery on injured athletes

Explanation

Physical education professionals supervise physical activity and are often first on the scene when injury occurs, so basic first aid enables safe immediate response. They are not authorised to perform surgery, prescribe medicines or diagnose chronic disease.

Question 22Physical Education and Sports: Foundations and Career Opportunities

A student wants to start a small private fitness centre after Senior Secondary. Which combination of skills is most important for this entrepreneurial role?

  1. Only knowledge of sports history
  2. Fitness training knowledge plus basic business management and customer service skills Correct answer.
  3. Only advanced playing ability in one sport
  4. Only refereeing certification

Explanation

Running a fitness centre requires both technical competence in exercise prescription and practical business skills such as finance, marketing and client relations. Playing ability, history knowledge or refereeing certification alone cannot sustain a business.

Question 23Physical Education and Sports: Foundations and Career Opportunities

Which of the following correctly describes the role of a 'selector' in competitive sport?

  1. Managing the team's travel bookings
  2. Providing medical treatment during matches
  3. Evaluating players during trials and recommending the team composition Correct answer.
  4. Training the selected players daily

Explanation

Selectors observe trials and competitions and recommend the squad based on performance and team needs. Daily training is the coach's task, travel is administrative, and medical care belongs to support staff.

Question 24Physical Education and Sports: Foundations and Career Opportunities

Which of the following statements about the relationship between physical education and public health is most defensible?

  1. Physical education replaces the need for balanced nutrition
  2. Regular physical activity reduces the risk of lifestyle diseases such as obesity and diabetes Correct answer.
  3. Physical activity is useful only for competitive athletes
  4. Physical education guarantees immunity from all diseases

Explanation

Evidence consistently links regular physical activity with reduced risk of lifestyle diseases, making physical education a public health tool. It does not confer complete immunity, is beneficial for everyone, and complements rather than replaces nutrition.

Question 25Anatomy, Physiology and Exercise Physiology

In the skeletal system, the long shaft of a bone such as the humerus is called the:

  1. Epiphysis
  2. Diaphysis Correct answer.
  3. Metaphysis
  4. Periosteum

Explanation

A long bone has a tubular shaft, the diaphysis, which encloses the medullary cavity and is made largely of compact bone. The epiphysis is the expanded end, the periosteum is the outer fibrous covering, and the metaphysis is the growth zone between them.

Question 26Anatomy, Physiology and Exercise Physiology

Which type of muscle tissue is under voluntary control and is responsible for movements such as a sprinter's leg drive?

  1. Cardiac muscle
  2. Skeletal muscle Correct answer.
  3. Smooth muscle
  4. Involuntary muscle

Explanation

Skeletal muscle is striated and innervated by somatic motor neurons, so it can be consciously controlled during sport movements. Cardiac and smooth muscle are involuntary tissues controlled by the autonomic nervous system.

Question 27Anatomy, Physiology and Exercise Physiology

During a 100-metre sprint, the immediate energy for the first few seconds comes mainly from:

  1. The ATP-PCr system Correct answer.
  2. The Krebs cycle
  3. Aerobic oxidation of fats
  4. Oxidative phosphorylation

Explanation

The ATP-PCr (phosphagen) system uses stored ATP and creatine phosphate to regenerate ATP rapidly without oxygen, dominating the first 5-10 seconds of maximal effort. Aerobic pathways such as the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation act too slowly for this initial burst.

Question 28Anatomy, Physiology and Exercise Physiology

The normal resting heart rate of a healthy young adult is approximately:

  1. 30 to 40 beats per minute
  2. 150 to 180 beats per minute
  3. 120 to 140 beats per minute
  4. 60 to 100 beats per minute Correct answer.

Explanation

A resting heart rate between about 60 and 100 beats per minute is considered normal for a healthy adult. Well-trained endurance athletes often show lower values due to increased stroke volume and vagal tone.

Question 29Anatomy, Physiology and Exercise Physiology

The volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during one normal quiet breath is called:

  1. Vital capacity
  2. Total lung capacity
  3. Residual volume
  4. Tidal volume Correct answer.

Explanation

Tidal volume is the air exchanged in a single normal breath at rest, roughly 500 ml in adults. Vital capacity is the maximum exhaled after a full inhalation, residual volume is air that never leaves the lungs, and total lung capacity is the sum of all lung volumes.

Question 30Anatomy, Physiology and Exercise Physiology

Which blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs?

  1. Pulmonary vein
  2. Aorta
  3. Coronary artery
  4. Pulmonary artery Correct answer.

Explanation

The pulmonary artery is the exception to the rule that arteries carry oxygenated blood; it transports deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. The pulmonary vein returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium.

Question 31Anatomy, Physiology and Exercise Physiology

The joint at the shoulder, which allows movement in all three planes, is classified as a:

  1. Saddle joint
  2. Hinge joint
  3. Ball-and-socket joint Correct answer.
  4. Pivot joint

Explanation

The shoulder is a ball-and-socket (spheroidal) joint in which the rounded head of the humerus fits into the glenoid cavity, permitting flexion, extension, abduction, rotation and circumduction. Hinge joints allow movement in one plane only.

Question 32Anatomy, Physiology and Exercise Physiology

During strenuous exercise, the accumulation of which substance is most directly linked to the burning sensation and early fatigue in working muscles?

  1. Myoglobin
  2. Glycogen
  3. Lactic acid Correct answer.
  4. Creatine phosphate

Explanation

When anaerobic glycolysis outpaces clearance, lactate and associated hydrogen ions accumulate, lowering muscle pH and contributing to the burning sensation and reduced contractile efficiency. Creatine phosphate and glycogen are energy stores, while myoglobin is an oxygen-binding pigment.

Question 33Anatomy, Physiology and Exercise Physiology

A 60 kg athlete performs a vertical jump and displaces the body's centre of gravity by 0.4 m. Taking g as 10 m/s², the work done against gravity is approximately:

  1. 60 J
  2. 24 J
  3. 240 J Correct answer.
  4. 2400 J

Explanation

Work done against gravity equals m × g × h, so 60 × 10 × 0.4 = 240 joules. This measures the mechanical work of raising the body mass through the vertical displacement.

Question 34Anatomy, Physiology and Exercise Physiology

Which structure serves as the pacemaker of the heart, initiating each normal cardiac cycle?

  1. Purkinje fibres
  2. Bundle of His
  3. Sinoatrial node Correct answer.
  4. Atrioventricular node

Explanation

The sinoatrial node in the right atrial wall spontaneously depolarises and sets the resting rhythm, typically 60-100 impulses per minute. The atrioventricular node delays the impulse, while the bundle of His and Purkinje fibres conduct it to the ventricles.

Question 35Anatomy, Physiology and Exercise Physiology

According to the sliding filament theory, what happens to the sarcomere during muscle contraction?

  1. The filaments slide past each other and the sarcomere shortens Correct answer.
  2. The actin filaments shorten in length
  3. The myosin filaments shorten in length
  4. The Z-lines move further apart

Explanation

During contraction, myosin heads bind actin and pull the thin filaments toward the centre of the sarcomere, so the filaments slide past each other while their own lengths stay constant. The sarcomere and the distance between Z-lines therefore decrease.

Question 36Anatomy, Physiology and Exercise Physiology

An athlete who trains regularly at altitude shows an increase in red blood cell count. The main physiological benefit of this adaptation is:

  1. Faster nerve conduction velocity
  2. Increased joint flexibility
  3. Reduced cardiac output during rest
  4. Increased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood Correct answer.

Explanation

Lower oxygen partial pressure at altitude stimulates erythropoietin release, raising red blood cell and haemoglobin levels. This increases the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity, improving endurance performance once the athlete returns to sea level.

Question 37Anatomy, Physiology and Exercise Physiology

The term 'stroke volume' in exercise physiology refers to:

  1. The total blood pumped by the heart per minute
  2. The volume of blood in the left atrium at rest
  3. The number of heartbeats per minute
  4. The volume of blood pumped by one ventricle per beat Correct answer.

Explanation

Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected by one ventricle in a single contraction, typically about 70 ml at rest and rising during exercise. Cardiac output, by contrast, is the product of stroke volume and heart rate.

Question 38Anatomy, Physiology and Exercise Physiology

Which of the following best describes the role of the antagonist muscle during a biceps curl?

  1. It lengthens and controls the movement as the agonist shortens Correct answer.
  2. It relaxes completely and plays no role
  3. It acts as the prime mover generating the force
  4. It contracts concentrically to lift the load

Explanation

In a biceps curl the biceps brachii is the agonist, while the triceps acts as antagonist, lengthening under control as the elbow flexes. This coordinated lengthening provides smooth, controlled movement and joint stability.

Question 39Anatomy, Physiology and Exercise Physiology

During gaseous exchange at the alveoli, oxygen moves into the blood because:

  1. Active transport pumps oxygen into the capillaries
  2. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide drives oxygen inward
  3. Haemoglobin repels carbon dioxide
  4. The partial pressure of oxygen in alveolar air is higher than in the pulmonary capillary blood Correct answer.

Explanation

Gases diffuse from regions of higher to lower partial pressure. Alveolar oxygen partial pressure exceeds that of deoxygenated pulmonary capillary blood, so oxygen diffuses across the respiratory membrane into the blood.

Question 40Anatomy, Physiology and Exercise Physiology

A marathon runner's cardiac output rises from 5 L/min at rest to 20 L/min during the race. If heart rate increases from 60 to 160 beats per minute, the stroke volume during the race is approximately:

  1. 125 ml Correct answer.
  2. 200 ml
  3. 100 ml
  4. 50 ml

Explanation

Cardiac output equals stroke volume multiplied by heart rate, so stroke volume equals 20,000 ml divided by 160 beats, giving 125 ml per beat. This reflects the increased venous return and contractility during endurance exercise.

Question 41Anatomy, Physiology and Exercise Physiology

Which muscle group is the prime mover for hip extension during the upward phase of a squat?

  1. Hip flexors
  2. Quadriceps femoris
  3. Gastrocnemius
  4. Gluteus maximus and hamstrings Correct answer.

Explanation

Hip extension is produced mainly by the gluteus maximus and the hamstring group, which drive the hips forward and upward during the ascent. The quadriceps extend the knee, while the gastrocnemius acts at the ankle.

Question 42Anatomy, Physiology and Exercise Physiology

A first-aider finds an athlete with a suspected fracture of the forearm. The most appropriate immediate management is to:

  1. Apply firm massage over the injured area
  2. Immobilise the limb and support it before transporting the casualty Correct answer.
  3. Delay any action until swelling appears
  4. Ask the athlete to stretch the forearm to test mobility

Explanation

Suspected fractures should be immobilised and supported to prevent further displacement and soft-tissue damage before safe transport. Testing mobility, massaging, or waiting for swelling risks worsening the injury.

Question 43Anatomy, Physiology and Exercise Physiology

Which of the following is a normal long-term training adaptation of the cardiovascular system to aerobic endurance exercise?

  1. Decreased total blood volume
  2. Increased resting heart rate
  3. Increased stroke volume and cardiac hypertrophy Correct answer.
  4. Decreased capillary density in working muscle

Explanation

Endurance training enlarges the left ventricle and increases stroke volume, so the heart pumps more blood per beat. This allows a lower resting heart rate and greater cardiac output during maximal exercise.

Question 44Anatomy, Physiology and Exercise Physiology

The 'oxygen debt' incurred after intense exercise represents:

  1. The oxygen needed to digest food
  2. Oxygen stored in the lungs during rest
  3. The oxygen consumed during the activity itself
  4. The extra oxygen taken up after exercise to restore body systems to their resting state Correct answer.

Explanation

Oxygen debt, or excess post-exercise oxygen consumption, is the additional oxygen taken in after exercise to replenish phosphagen stores, clear lactate, and restore normal temperature and hormone levels. It is not the oxygen used during the activity itself.

Question 45Anatomy, Physiology and Exercise Physiology

A swimmer's shoulder movement that brings the arm forward and overhead is best described as:

  1. Internal rotation
  2. Flexion Correct answer.
  3. Extension
  4. Adduction

Explanation

Flexion of the shoulder decreases the angle between the arm and the trunk, moving the limb forward and upward. Extension returns the arm backward, adduction moves it toward the midline, and rotation turns it about its long axis.

Question 46Anatomy, Physiology and Exercise Physiology

During prolonged submaximal exercise in heat, the body's primary mechanism for losing heat is:

  1. Vasoconstriction of skin vessels
  2. Shivering
  3. Reduced skin blood flow
  4. Evaporation of sweat Correct answer.

Explanation

Sweat evaporation is the main avenue of heat loss during exercise in warm conditions, aided by increased skin blood flow. Shivering generates heat, while vasoconstriction and reduced skin flow conserve rather than dissipate heat.

Question 47Anatomy, Physiology and Exercise Physiology

A coach analyses a video and notes that a sprinter's centre of gravity follows a parabolic path during the flight phase. This observation is best explained by:

  1. Increased friction between shoe and track
  2. Newton's first law acting on the centre of gravity
  3. The stretch reflex in the calf muscles
  4. The projectile motion of the body under gravity once airborne Correct answer.

Explanation

Once the athlete leaves the ground, the only significant external force is gravity, so the centre of gravity traces a parabolic projectile path. Ground friction and muscle reflexes cannot alter that path while airborne.

Question 48Anatomy, Physiology and Exercise Physiology

Two runners have the same body mass. Runner A's centre of gravity rises 0.05 m per stride, while Runner B's rises 0.10 m per stride. Assuming equal stride frequency, which statement about mechanical efficiency is most defensible?

  1. Runner B is more efficient because a higher bounce increases power
  2. Runner A wastes more energy because of a flatter stride
  3. Both expend identical energy because mass is equal
  4. Runner B wastes more energy raising the body and is likely less efficient Correct answer.

Explanation

Vertical displacement costs energy against gravity, so doubling the rise per stride increases the vertical work done for the same mass and stride rate. Runner B therefore wastes more energy on vertical oscillation and is likely less economical.

Question 49Anatomy, Physiology and Exercise Physiology

An athlete hyperventilates for 30 seconds before a breath-hold swim. The most likely physiological consequence is:

  1. Reduced blood carbon dioxide, which can delay the urge to breathe and increase risk of blackout Correct answer.
  2. Increased blood oxygen stores in the muscles
  3. Reduced oxygen affinity of haemoglobin
  4. Increased blood carbon dioxide, delaying the urge to breathe

Explanation

Hyperventilation lowers arterial carbon dioxide, and it is rising carbon dioxide rather than falling oxygen that normally triggers the urge to breathe. The breath-hold can therefore continue until oxygen falls dangerously low, raising the risk of loss of consciousness underwater.

Question 50Anatomy, Physiology and Exercise Physiology

In the context of exercise physiology, which fluid compartment is primarily responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, and hormones throughout the body?

  1. Intracellular fluid
  2. Synovial fluid
  3. Interstitial fluid
  4. Blood plasma Correct answer.

Explanation

Blood plasma is the liquid component of blood and serves as the main transport medium for oxygen (bound to haemoglobin in red blood cells), nutrients, hormones, and waste products. It constitutes about 55% of blood volume and is essential for maintaining homeostasis during exercise.