BSSC CGL cheat sheet

Fundamental Rights (Articles 12–35): Right to Equality (14–18), Right to Freedom (19–22), Right against Exploitation (23–24), Right to Freedom of Religion (25–28), Cultural and Educational Rights (29–30), Right to Constitutional Remedies (32).

The Preamble declares India a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic; the words socialist, secular, and integrity were added by the 42nd Amendment (1976).

Harappan sites: Harappa (Punjab, Pakistan), Mohenjo-daro (Sindh), Dholavira (Gujarat), Lothal (Gujarat, dockyard), Kalibangan (Rajasthan), Rakhigarhi (Haryana).

Indian National Congress founded 1885 by A.O. Hume; Partition of Bengal 1905; Jallianwala Bagh massacre 13 April 1919; Quit India Movement 1942; Independence 15 August 1947.

Planetary winds: trade winds blow from subtropical highs to equatorial lows (NE in Northern Hemisphere, SE in Southern Hemisphere); westerlies blow from subtropical highs to subpolar lows.

Monsoon: southwest monsoon (June–September) brings rain to most of India; northeast monsoon (October–December) brings rain to Tamil Nadu and coastal Andhra Pradesh.

Economic terms: GDP = market value of final goods and services produced within a country in a year; fiscal deficit = total expenditure − total receipts excluding borrowings; repo rate = rate at which RBI lends to commercial banks.

Indian Constitution schedules: First (states and UTs), Seventh (division of powers: Union, State, Concurrent), Eighth (official languages), Tenth (anti-defection).

Newton's laws: first (inertia), second (F = ma), third (action–reaction). Momentum p = mv; work W = Fd cosθ; kinetic energy KE = ½mv².

Ohm's law V = IR; power P = VI = I²R = V²/R; resistors in series R = R₁ + R₂ + …; in parallel 1/R = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + …

Chemical formulas: water H₂O, carbon dioxide CO₂, ammonia NH₃, methane CH₄, sulfuric acid H₂SO₄, sodium chloride NaCl, calcium carbonate CaCO₃.

pH scale 0–14: pH < 7 acidic, pH = 7 neutral, pH > 7 basic. Litmus turns red in acid, blue in base; phenolphthalein is colorless in acid and pink in base.

Human body: heart has four chambers; lungs exchange O₂ and CO₂; kidney filters blood and forms urine; liver produces bile; pancreas secretes insulin and digestive enzymes.

Cell organelles: mitochondria (ATP production), ribosomes (protein synthesis), chloroplasts (photosynthesis in plants), nucleus (contains DNA), cell membrane (selective permeability).

Photosynthesis: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll; occurs in chloroplasts.

SI units: length metre (m), mass kilogram (kg), time second (s), force newton (N), energy joule (J), power watt (W), electric current ampere (A), temperature kelvin (K).

Algebraic identities: (a + b)² = a² + 2ab + b²; (a − b)² = a² − 2ab + b²; a² − b² = (a + b)(a − b); (a + b)³ = a³ + b³ + 3ab(a + b).

Quadratic formula: for ax² + bx + c = 0, x = [−b ± √(b² − 4ac)] / (2a); discriminant D = b² − 4ac; D > 0 two real roots, D = 0 equal roots, D < 0 no real roots.

Mensuration: area of circle = πr²; circumference = 2πr; volume of cylinder = πr²h; volume of sphere = (4/3)πr³; surface area of sphere = 4πr²; volume of cone = (1/3)πr²h.

Trigonometric ratios: sin θ = opposite/hypotenuse, cos θ = adjacent/hypotenuse, tan θ = opposite/adjacent; sin²θ + cos²θ = 1; 1 + tan²θ = sec²θ.

Simple interest SI = PRT/100; compound interest CI = P(1 + R/100)^T − P; difference between CI and SI for 2 years = P(R/100)².

Speed, time, distance: speed = distance/time; average speed = total distance / total time; relative speed for opposite directions = sum of speeds, same direction = difference.

Profit and loss: profit% = (profit/CP) × 100; loss% = (loss/CP) × 100; selling price = CP × (100 + profit%)/100.

Permutations and combinations: nPr = n!/(n − r)!; nCr = n!/[r!(n − r)!]; nCr = nC(n − r).

Number series: check differences between consecutive terms; if differences are constant, it is an arithmetic progression; if ratios are constant, it is a geometric progression.

Coding–decoding: letter positions A = 1, B = 2, …, Z = 26; reverse position = 27 − position; common shifts are +1, −1, +2, −2, or alternating patterns.

Blood relations: draw a family tree; vertical line = parent–child, horizontal line = siblings or spouse; use symbols consistently to avoid confusion.

Direction sense: draw a compass with North up, South down, East right, West left; after a left turn from North you face West; after a right turn from North you face East.

Syllogism: use Venn diagrams; 'All A are B' means A is inside B; 'Some A are B' means overlap; 'No A is B' means disjoint sets.

Calendar: ordinary year has 365 days = 52 weeks + 1 odd day; leap year has 366 days = 52 weeks + 2 odd days; century leap year must be divisible by 400.

Clock: minute hand moves 6° per minute; hour hand moves 0.5° per minute; angle between hands = |30H − 5.5M| degrees.

Analogy and classification: identify the relationship (part–whole, cause–effect, synonym, antonym, worker–tool) and apply the same relationship to the options.