CG Mandi Nirikshak cheat sheet

Chhattisgarh was carved out of Madhya Pradesh on 1 November 2000 under the Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000, becoming India's 26th state; Raipur became its capital.

State symbols: state bird is the pahari myna (hill myna), state animal is the wild buffalo (bison), state tree is the sal, and state flower is the rhynchostylis/peela-gulab (orchid) - verify flower detail before use.

Chhattisgarh shares borders with Madhya Pradesh (north-west), Maharashtra (west), Andhra Pradesh/Telangana (south), Odisha (east), Jharkhand (north-east) and Uttar Pradesh (north).

Major rivers: Mahanadi (originates near Sihawa in Dhamtari district), Indravati, Godavari tributaries, Hasdeo, Arpa, Shivnath and Kharun.

Dense forests cover roughly 40-45% of the state area; districts such as Bastar, Dantewada, Bijapur and Sukma are forest-dominated.

Key tribal groups: Gond, Baiga, Halba, Bhatra, Muria, Dhurwa, Kamar and Oraon; Bastar Dussehra and Madai festivals are signature cultural events.

Chhattisgarh is a leading producer of rice, tendu leaves, and minerals - iron ore (Bailadila), coal (Korba, Raigarh), tin (Dantewada) and dolomite.

Current affairs questions typically track state schemes (e.g., Rajiv Gandhi Kisan Nyay Yojana, Godhan Nyay Yojana), state awards, and newly formed districts - always confirm with the latest official notification.

संधि: स्वर संधि (दीर्घ, गुण, वृद्धि, यण, अयादि), व्यंजन संधि और विसर्ग संधि - उदाहरण: विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय (दीर्घ संधि)।

समास के भेद: तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारय, द्विगु, द्वंद्व, बहुव्रीहि और अव्ययीभाव; बहुव्रीहि में समस्त पद अन्य अर्थ का बोधक होता है।

अलंकार: अनुप्रास (व्यंजन आवृत्ति), उपमा (सदृश), रूपक (अभेद आरोप), उत्प्रेक्षा (मानो/जनु), यमक (एक शब्द भिन्न अर्थ में दोहराया)।

वाक्य के अंग: उद्देश्य और विधेय; वाच्य के तीन भेद - कर्तृवाच्य, कर्मवाच्य, भाववाच्य।

English: subject-verb agreement - singular subject takes singular verb; collective nouns take singular verb when acting as a unit.

Active to passive: object becomes subject, verb becomes be + past participle, agent introduced by 'by' (e.g., 'She wrote a letter' → 'A letter was written by her').

Direct to indirect speech: present tense shifts to past, 'today' → 'that day', 'tomorrow' → 'the next day', and question word order becomes statement order.

Common error traps: 'one of the' + plural noun + singular verb; 'each/every/either/neither' take singular verbs; 'since' with point of time, 'for' with duration.

Constitution adopted 26 November 1949, came into force 26 January 1950; originally 395 articles, 22 parts and 8 schedules; the Preamble was amended once by the 42nd Amendment (1976), adding 'socialist', 'secular' and 'integrity'.

Fundamental Rights are in Part III (Articles 12-35); Article 14 equality before law, Article 19 six freedoms, Article 21 life and personal liberty, Article 32 writ jurisdiction of the Supreme Court (called the 'heart and soul' by Ambedkar).

Directive Principles in Part IV (Articles 36-51) are non-justiciable; Fundamental Duties in Part IVA (Article 51A) were added by the 42nd Amendment on the Swaran Singh Committee's recommendation.

President is elected indirectly by an electoral college using the single transferable vote and proportional representation; impeachment under Article 61.

Key economy terms: GDP vs GNP, fiscal deficit = total expenditure − total receipts excluding borrowings; repo rate is the rate at which RBI lends to banks against securities.

Indian history timeline anchors: Indus Valley (c. 2500 BCE mature phase), Mauryas (321 BCE), Guptas (4th century CE), Delhi Sultanate (1206), Mughals (1526), British Crown rule (1858), Independence (1947).

Geography: Tropic of Cancer passes through 8 Indian states; Western Ghats are a biodiversity hotspot; monsoon withdrawal begins from north-west India in September.

Committees and bodies: Finance Commission (Article 280), Election Commission (Article 324), CAG (Article 148), UPSC (Article 315), NITI Aayog (executive resolution, 2015).

Percentage change = (new − old)/old × 100; successive percentage changes a% then b% give net change a + b + ab/100.

Simple interest SI = P × R × T / 100; compound interest CI = P[(1 + R/100)^T − 1]; for 2 years CI − SI = P(R/100)².

Profit/loss: profit% = profit/CP × 100; discount% is always calculated on marked price; SP = MP(1 − d/100).

Speed: distance = speed × time; for a train crossing a platform, total distance = train length + platform length; relative speed adds for opposite directions, subtracts for same direction.

Time and work: if A does work in x days and B in y days, together they take xy/(x + y) days; efficiency is inversely proportional to time.

Averages: new average after adding a value = (old sum + value)/(old count + 1); for consecutive numbers average = (first + last)/2.

Mensuration: area of circle = πr², circumference = 2πr; volume of cylinder = πr²h; volume of cone = (1/3)πr²h; sphere volume = (4/3)πr³.

Ratio and mixture: alligation rule gives ratio of quantities = (mean − cheaper) : (dearer − mean).

Number series: check differences, then ratios, then alternating or prime-based patterns before assuming a single rule.

Coding-decoding: positional value of letters A=1 to Z=26; reverse value = 27 − position; common shifts are +1, −1, +2, and reversal of the word.

Blood relations: draw a family tree with gender markers; 'maternal uncle' = mother's brother; 'paternal aunt' = father's sister.

Direction sense: use a compass sketch; net displacement uses Pythagoras when turns are at 90°, and opposite directions cancel.

Syllogism: apply Venn diagrams; 'All A are B' does not imply 'All B are A'; conclusions must hold in every possible diagram.

Seating arrangement: fix the reference person first, then place left/right using the convention that in a row facing north, left is west.

Calendar: odd days - ordinary year 1 odd day, leap year 2 odd days; a century has 5 odd days for the first three centuries and 6 for the fourth.

Clock: angle between hands = |30H − 5.5M| degrees; hands coincide every 65 5/11 minutes.

Agricultural marketing covers assembling, grading, storage, transport, processing and distribution from farm to consumer; regulated markets (mandis) were created to reduce exploitative trade practices.

Model APMC Act, 2003 allowed private markets, direct purchase and contract farming; the three farm laws of 2020 were repealed in 2021, so state APMC Acts continue to govern.

e-NAM (National Agriculture Market), launched 2016, is a pan-India electronic trading portal networking existing APMC mandis for transparent price discovery.

Marketing channels: producer → village trader → wholesaler → retailer → consumer is the longest; producer → consumer (direct) yields the highest producer share.

Price spread = consumer price − producer price; producer's share = (producer price / consumer price) × 100; marketing efficiency improves as the number of intermediaries falls.

Grading and standardisation use AGMARK (Agricultural Produce (Grading and Marking) Act, 1937); FSSAI governs food safety, and BIS covers industrial goods.

Marketable surplus = production − family consumption − other retentions; it determines the volume actually offered for sale.

NAFED, NCDC, FCI, CCI and MARKFED are key institutions; MSP is announced by the government on the recommendation of CACP.

Mandi (regulated market) operations: gate entry and lot weighing, auction/tendering, sale confirmation, payment settlement, and issuance of sale and transport permits.

Mandi charges typically include market fee, commission (arhat) and cess; the commission agent (arhatiya) acts for the seller but is licensed and regulated by the APMC.

APMC (Agricultural Produce Market Committee) is a statutory body under the state Agricultural Produce Markets Act; its board includes elected traders, farmers and nominees.

Cooperative principles: voluntary and open membership, democratic member control (one member, one vote), member economic participation, autonomy, education, cooperation and concern for community.

Cooperative credit structure: short-term - PACS at village level, DCCB at district level, StCB at state level; long-term - PCARDB at district and SCARDB at state level.

Registrar of Cooperative Societies supervises registration, audit and amendment of bye-laws; the 97th Constitutional Amendment (2011) gave cooperatives constitutional status and inserted Article 43B.

Ministry of Cooperation was created in July 2021; NAFED and NCDC function under it for marketing and development of cooperatives.

Audit and accountability: cooperative societies must maintain statutory registers, hold general body meetings, and conduct elections to the managing committee before the term expires.

State bird: pahari myna (hill myna); state animal: wild buffalo (bison); state tree: sal; verify the state flower against the latest state government source.

Mahanadi originates near Sihawa in Dhamtari district; the Indravati is a major Godavari tributary flowing through Bastar.

Chhattisgarh borders six states; Raipur is the capital and Bilaspur is a High Court seat.

Bailadila (Dantewada) is a major iron-ore range; Korba and Raigarh are coal and power hubs.

Bastar Dussehra is a long-duration festival centred on the Danteshwari temple in Jagdalpur.

संधि विच्छेद पहले करें, फिर नियम लागू करें: विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय (दीर्घ)।

समास पहचान: पहला पद विशेषण और दूसरा विशेष्य हो तो कर्मधारय।

अलंकार पहचान: शब्दों की आवृत्ति = अनुप्रास; 'सा/समान' = उपमा; 'मानो' = उत्प्रेक्षा।

वाच्य परिवर्तन में कर्म प्रधान होने पर क्रिया कर्म के अनुसार बदलती है।

'एक भी' और 'कोई भी' के साथ एकवचन क्रिया का प्रयोग होता है।

Article 12 definition of State; Article 13 laws inconsistent with Fundamental Rights are void.

Article 32 Supreme Court writs; Article 226 High Court writs (wider, includes other legal rights).

Article 40 organisation of village panchayats; Article 44 uniform civil code; Article 48A environment protection.

Article 61 impeachment of the President; Article 72 pardoning power of the President.

Article 280 Finance Commission; Article 324 Election Commission; Article 368 amendment procedure.

CI − SI for 2 years = P(R/100)²; for 3 years = P(R/100)²(3 + R/100).

Work: combined rate = 1/x + 1/y; time = xy/(x + y).

Train crossing pole: time = length/speed; crossing platform: (length + platform)/speed.

Alligation ratio = (mean − cheaper)/(dearer − mean).

Clock angle = |30H − 5.5M|; hands coincide every 65 5/11 minutes.

Average of first n natural numbers = (n + 1)/2.

Syllogism: a conclusion is valid only if true in every Venn arrangement consistent with the premises.

Coding: test letter position shifts and reversal before considering word-based codes.

Blood relation: mark gender and generation; never infer gender from a name.

Direction: net north-south and east-west displacements are summed separately, then combined by Pythagoras.

Seating: in a row facing north, the person's left is your left; facing south, it is reversed.

Producer's share = (producer price/consumer price) × 100; higher share means a shorter, more efficient channel.

Price spread = consumer price − producer price; it includes all intermediary margins and marketing costs.

Marketable surplus = production − family consumption − seed, feed and other retentions.

Marketing efficiency = consumer price / (producer price + marketing cost); a higher ratio indicates greater efficiency.

AGMARK is the grading mark under the 1937 Act; FSSAI licenses food businesses under the 2006 Act.

Mandi sequence: gate entry → weighing → auction → sale confirmation → payment → transport permit.

APMC is statutory; its market fee and commission rates are fixed under the state Act and rules.

PACS → DCCB → StCB is the short-term cooperative credit chain; SCARDB/PCARDB handle long-term credit.

97th Amendment inserted Article 43B (Part IV) and Part IXB on cooperative societies.

Ministry of Cooperation, created in 2021, oversees NAFED and NCDC.

State formation day: 1 November 2000; Rajyotsav is celebrated on this date.

Godhan Nyay Yojana: cow dung procurement scheme launched in 2020; Rajiv Gandhi Kisan Nyay Yojana supports paddy farmers.

Naxal-affected districts and new district reorganisations are frequent current-affairs topics - confirm the latest notification.

Chhattisgarh High Court is at Bilaspur; the state legislature is unicameral (Vidhan Sabha).

State has 11 Lok Sabha and 90 Vidhan Sabha seats under the current delimitation.

'One of the' + plural noun + singular verb: 'One of the boys is present.'

'Each, every, either, neither, everyone' take singular verbs and singular pronouns.

'Since' precedes a point of time; 'for' precedes a duration.

'Hardly had ... when' and 'No sooner ... than' are fixed correlative pairs.

Comparative with 'than', superlative with 'of/in'; do not use double comparatives.

Indus Valley mature phase c. 2500-1900 BCE; Mauryan Empire founded 321 BCE by Chandragupta with Chanakya.

1526 First Battle of Panipat: Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi, founding Mughal rule.

1857 revolt; 1885 Indian National Congress founded; 1947 Independence; 1950 Constitution in force.

Tropic of Cancer passes through 8 states including Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and West Bengal.

South-west monsoon arrives over Kerala around 1 June and withdraws from north-west India from September.

Circle area πr²; circumference 2πr; sector area = (θ/360)πr².

Cylinder volume πr²h; cone volume (1/3)πr²h; sphere volume (4/3)πr³; sphere surface 4πr².

Rectangle area l × b; triangle area ½ × base × height; Heron's formula √[s(s−a)(s−b)(s−c)].

Ratio a:b and c:d combine as ac:bd for successive ratios when the middle terms match.

Partnership profit ratio = capital × time for each partner.

Ordinary year shifts the weekday by 1; a leap year shifts it by 2.

100 years = 5 odd days; 200 = 3; 300 = 1; 400 = 0.

A calendar repeats every 28 years for ordinary-year patterns, subject to leap-year checks.

At 3:00 the angle between hands is 90°; at 6:00 it is 180°.

Clock hands are opposite when |30H − 5.5M| = 180.

CACP recommends MSP; the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs approves it.

FCI procures food grains for the PDS; NAFED handles pulses, oilseeds and horticulture procurement.

e-NAM integrates mandis electronically; it does not replace the APMC licensing framework.

Contract farming and direct purchase were enabled by the Model APMC Act, 2003 in adopting states.

Warehouse receipts (eNWR) can be used as collateral for pledge finance.

One member, one vote applies regardless of shareholding, except in specified federal cooperatives.

Registrar of Cooperative Societies conducts or orders audit and supervises elections.

Part IXB (Articles 243ZH-243ZT) governs cooperative societies' board, elections and audit.

Profit distribution is limited by the bye-laws and the state Cooperative Societies Act.

Multi-State Cooperative Societies are registered under the Multi-State Cooperative Societies Act, 2002 with the Central Registrar.