CG TET Paper 2 cheat sheet

Piaget's stages in order: sensorimotor (0-2, object permanence), preoperational (2-7, egocentrism, irreversibility), concrete operational (7-11, conservation, classification, seriation), formal operational (11+, hypothetico-deductive reasoning).

Vygotsky: Zone of Proximal Development is the gap between independent performance and performance with adult/peer scaffolding; private speech becomes inner speech; mediation by tools and signs.

Kohlberg's moral levels: preconventional (punishment/obedience, instrumental exchange), conventional (good boy/good girl, law and order), postconventional (social contract, universal ethical principles).

Erikson's first four crises in order: trust vs mistrust (0-1), autonomy vs shame and doubt (1-3), initiative vs guilt (3-6), industry vs inferiority (6-12).

Krashen's input hypothesis, and Chomsky's LAD (Language Acquisition Device) versus Skinner's behaviourist imitation-reinforcement account are the standard contrast pair for language development questions.

Assessment decision rule: formative = assessment for learning (ongoing, feedback, no grading stakes); summative = assessment of learning (end of unit, certifying); diagnostic = locating specific learning gaps before teaching.

Inclusive education principle: adaptation of curriculum and environment to the child, not fitting the child to a fixed norm; RPWD Act 2016 recognises 21 specified disabilities and mandates inclusive schooling.

Bloom's revised taxonomy order: remember, understand, apply, analyse, evaluate, create; lower-order objectives map to recall, higher-order to transfer and problem solving.

Motivation: intrinsic (task interest, mastery) vs extrinsic (grades, rewards); over-reliance on tangible rewards can undercut intrinsic motivation, while specific informational feedback sustains it.

Hindi वर्णमाला: 11 स्वर (अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ऋ ए ऐ ओ औ), 33 व्यंजन, plus अनुस्वार (ं) and विसर्ग (ः); conjuncts are formed with हलंत (्).

स्वर के तीन रूप: मूल स्वर (अ), मात्रा रूप (ा ि ी), and व्यंजन-संयुक्त रूप; अयोगवाह = अनुस्वार and विसर्ग.

संधि types: स्वर संधि (अ+आ=आ), व्यंजन संधि (त्+श=च्छ), विसर्ग संधि (निः+चय=निश्चय); identify type by the final sound of the first word.

समास types: तत्पुरुष (case relation), कर्मधारय (adjective+noun), द्विगु (numeral first), द्वंद्व (both members joined by 'और'), बहुव्रीहि (meaning points to a third entity), अव्ययीभाव (indeclinable first member).

अलंकार: अनुप्रास (repetition of consonants), उपमा (comparison with सा/सम/जैसा), रूपक (identification without comparison word), यमक (same word, different meaning), श्लेष (one word, many meanings).

रस के अंग: स्थायी भाव, विभाव, अनुभाव, संचारी भाव; शृंगार (रति), करुण (शोक), वीर (उत्साह), हास्य (हास) are the standard mappings.

Language skills sequence for pedagogy answers: श्रवण → वाचन (मौन पठन before सस्वर पठन) → लेखन; comprehension precedes production in assessment design.

शब्द भेद: तत्सम (Sanskrit loan unchanged), तद्भव (changed from Sanskrit), देशज (local), विदेशी (loanword); संज्ञा, सर्वनाम, विशेषण, क्रिया are the four main inflectional categories tested.

Communicative competence (Hymes) has four components: grammatical, sociolinguistic, discourse, and strategic competence; errors differ from mistakes because errors are systematic and rule-governed.

Phoneme counts: English has 44 phonemes (24 consonants, 12 pure vowels, 8 diphthongs) against 26 letters; digraphs (sh, ch, th) and silent letters break one-to-one letter-sound mapping.

Tense rule: present perfect (has/have + past participle) links past to present with no definite past time marker; simple past takes definite past time adverbials (yesterday, in 2019).

Conditionals: first (if + present, will + base) real; second (if + past, would + base) unreal present; third (if + had + participle, would have + participle) unreal past.

Direct-to-indirect speech shifts: present → past, will → would, can → could, now → then, today → that day, here → there; questions become statements with if/whether for yes-no items.

Reading pedagogy: skimming for gist, scanning for specific detail, intensive reading for language focus, extensive reading for fluency; top-down (schema) and bottom-up (decoding) processing are complementary.

Assessment terms: validity (tests what it claims), reliability (consistency across occasions/raters), washback (effect of test on teaching); a test can be reliable without being valid.

Figures of speech: simile (like/as), metaphor (direct identification), personification, hyperbole, oxymoron (contradictory pair), alliteration (initial consonant repetition).

Divisibility: by 3 or 9 if digit sum is divisible; by 4 if last two digits are; by 8 if last three digits are; by 11 if alternating digit sum difference is 0 or a multiple of 11.

HCF × LCM = product of the two numbers (two-number case only); LCM of fractions = LCM of numerators / HCF of denominators.

Triangle: angle sum 180°; exterior angle equals sum of the two remote interior angles; Pythagoras a² + b² = c² holds only for right triangles.

Circle: area πr², circumference 2πr; sector area = (θ/360)πr², arc length = (θ/360)2πr; tangent is perpendicular to radius at the point of contact.

Mensuration: cube volume a³, surface area 6a²; cylinder volume πr²h, curved surface 2πrh; cone volume (1/3)πr²h; sphere volume (4/3)πr³, surface 4πr².

Mean = sum/n; median = middle value of ordered data; mode = most frequent value; adding a constant to every value shifts mean and median but leaves standard deviation unchanged.

Newton's laws: first (inertia), second (F = ma), third (equal and opposite action-reaction on different bodies); weight = mg differs from mass.

Ohm's law V = IR; series resistance adds (R = R₁ + R₂), parallel gives 1/R = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂; power P = VI = I²R = V²/R.

Photosynthesis: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ in chloroplasts using chlorophyll; respiration is the reverse energy-releasing process in mitochondria.

Harappan markers: grid town planning, burnt-brick drainage, Great Bath at Mohenjo-daro, dockyard at Lothal, seals with undeciphered script; the civilisation is Bronze Age, not Iron Age.

Mauryan administration: Arthashastra of Kautilya, Megasthenes' Indica, Ashoka's dhamma and Rock and Pillar Edicts in Prakrit using Brahmi script.

Freedom movement sequence: 1857 revolt, 1885 INC founding, 1905 Partition of Bengal and Swadeshi, 1919 Jallianwala Bagh and Rowlatt Act, 1920 Non-Cooperation, 1930 Dandi Salt March, 1942 Quit India.

Indian geography: Tropic of Cancer crosses eight states; Western Ghats are continuous and higher, Eastern Ghats discontinuous; monsoon is driven by differential heating and the ITCZ shift.

Constitutional facts: Preamble adopted 26 November 1949, Constitution in force 26 January 1950; Fundamental Rights in Part III, Directive Principles in Part IV, Fundamental Duties in Part IVA (42nd Amendment, 1976).

Latitude and longitude: 1° latitude ≈ 111 km everywhere; longitude spacing shrinks toward the poles; IST is based on 82°30′E standard meridian, 5 hours 30 minutes ahead of GMT.

Democracy indicators: universal adult franchise, rule of law, independent judiciary, periodic free elections, and protection of minority rights; a majoritarian vote alone does not define democracy.

Map reading rule: representative fraction is unit-free (1:50,000), while a statement of scale carries units ('1 cm to 1 km'); contour lines close together indicate steep slope.

Piaget's stages in order: sensorimotor (0-2, object permanence), preoperational (2-7, egocentrism, irreversibility), concrete operational (7-11, conservation, classification, seriation), formal operational (11+, hypothetico-deductive reasoning).

Vygotsky: Zone of Proximal Development is the gap between independent performance and performance with adult/peer scaffolding; private speech becomes inner speech; mediation by tools and signs.

Kohlberg's moral levels: preconventional (punishment/obedience, instrumental exchange), conventional (good boy/good girl, law and order), postconventional (social contract, universal ethical principles).

Erikson's first four crises in order: trust vs mistrust (0-1), autonomy vs shame and doubt (1-3), initiative vs guilt (3-6), industry vs inferiority (6-12).

Krashen's input hypothesis, and Chomsky's LAD (Language Acquisition Device) versus Skinner's behaviourist imitation-reinforcement account are the standard contrast pair for language development questions.

Assessment decision rule: formative = assessment for learning (ongoing, feedback, no grading stakes); summative = assessment of learning (end of unit, certifying); diagnostic = locating specific learning gaps before teaching.

Inclusive education principle: adaptation of curriculum and environment to the child, not fitting the child to a fixed norm; RPWD Act 2016 recognises 21 specified disabilities and mandates inclusive schooling.

Bloom's revised taxonomy order: remember, understand, apply, analyse, evaluate, create; lower-order objectives map to recall, higher-order to transfer and problem solving.

Motivation: intrinsic (task interest, mastery) vs extrinsic (grades, rewards); over-reliance on tangible rewards can undercut intrinsic motivation, while specific informational feedback sustains it.

Hindi वर्णमाला: 11 स्वर (अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ऋ ए ऐ ओ औ), 33 व्यंजन, plus अनुस्वार (ं) and विसर्ग (ः); conjuncts are formed with हलंत (्).

स्वर के तीन रूप: मूल स्वर (अ), मात्रा रूप (ा ि ी), and व्यंजन-संयुक्त रूप; अयोगवाह = अनुस्वार and विसर्ग.

संधि types: स्वर संधि (अ+आ=आ), व्यंजन संधि (त्+श=च्छ), विसर्ग संधि (निः+चय=निश्चय); identify type by the final sound of the first word.

समास types: तत्पुरुष (case relation), कर्मधारय (adjective+noun), द्विगु (numeral first), द्वंद्व (both members joined by 'और'), बहुव्रीहि (meaning points to a third entity), अव्ययीभाव (indeclinable first member).

अलंकार: अनुप्रास (repetition of consonants), उपमा (comparison with सा/सम/जैसा), रूपक (identification without comparison word), यमक (same word, different meaning), श्लेष (one word, many meanings).

रस के अंग: स्थायी भाव, विभाव, अनुभाव, संचारी भाव; शृंगार (रति), करुण (शोक), वीर (उत्साह), हास्य (हास) are the standard mappings.

Language skills sequence for pedagogy answers: श्रवण → वाचन (मौन पठन before सस्वर पठन) → लेखन; comprehension precedes production in assessment design.

शब्द भेद: तत्सम (Sanskrit loan unchanged), तद्भव (changed from Sanskrit), देशज (local), विदेशी (loanword); संज्ञा, सर्वनाम, विशेषण, क्रिया are the four main inflectional categories tested.

Communicative competence (Hymes) has four components: grammatical, sociolinguistic, discourse, and strategic competence; errors differ from mistakes because errors are systematic and rule-governed.

Phoneme counts: English has 44 phonemes (24 consonants, 12 pure vowels, 8 diphthongs) against 26 letters; digraphs (sh, ch, th) and silent letters break one-to-one letter-sound mapping.

Tense rule: present perfect (has/have + past participle) links past to present with no definite past time marker; simple past takes definite past time adverbials (yesterday, in 2019).

Conditionals: first (if + present, will + base) real; second (if + past, would + base) unreal present; third (if + had + participle, would have + participle) unreal past.

Direct-to-indirect speech shifts: present → past, will → would, can → could, now → then, today → that day, here → there; questions become statements with if/whether for yes-no items.

Reading pedagogy: skimming for gist, scanning for specific detail, intensive reading for language focus, extensive reading for fluency; top-down (schema) and bottom-up (decoding) processing are complementary.

Assessment terms: validity (tests what it claims), reliability (consistency across occasions/raters), washback (effect of test on teaching); a test can be reliable without being valid.

Figures of speech: simile (like/as), metaphor (direct identification), personification, hyperbole, oxymoron (contradictory pair), alliteration (initial consonant repetition).

Divisibility: by 3 or 9 if digit sum is divisible; by 4 if last two digits are; by 8 if last three digits are; by 11 if alternating digit sum difference is 0 or a multiple of 11.

HCF × LCM = product of the two numbers (two-number case only); LCM of fractions = LCM of numerators / HCF of denominators.

Triangle: angle sum 180°; exterior angle equals sum of the two remote interior angles; Pythagoras a² + b² = c² holds only for right triangles.

Circle: area πr², circumference 2πr; sector area = (θ/360)πr², arc length = (θ/360)2πr; tangent is perpendicular to radius at the point of contact.

Mensuration: cube volume a³, surface area 6a²; cylinder volume πr²h, curved surface 2πrh; cone volume (1/3)πr²h; sphere volume (4/3)πr³, surface 4πr².

Mean = sum/n; median = middle value of ordered data; mode = most frequent value; adding a constant to every value shifts mean and median but leaves standard deviation unchanged.

Newton's laws: first (inertia), second (F = ma), third (equal and opposite action-reaction on different bodies); weight = mg differs from mass.

Ohm's law V = IR; series resistance adds (R = R₁ + R₂), parallel gives 1/R = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂; power P = VI = I²R = V²/R.

Photosynthesis: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ in chloroplasts using chlorophyll; respiration is the reverse energy-releasing process in mitochondria.

Harappan markers: grid town planning, burnt-brick drainage, Great Bath at Mohenjo-daro, dockyard at Lothal, seals with undeciphered script; the civilisation is Bronze Age, not Iron Age.

Mauryan administration: Arthashastra of Kautilya, Megasthenes' Indica, Ashoka's dhamma and Rock and Pillar Edicts in Prakrit using Brahmi script.

Freedom movement sequence: 1857 revolt, 1885 INC founding, 1905 Partition of Bengal and Swadeshi, 1919 Jallianwala Bagh and Rowlatt Act, 1920 Non-Cooperation, 1930 Dandi Salt March, 1942 Quit India.

Indian geography: Tropic of Cancer crosses eight states; Western Ghats are continuous and higher, Eastern Ghats discontinuous; monsoon is driven by differential heating and the ITCZ shift.

Constitutional facts: Preamble adopted 26 November 1949, Constitution in force 26 January 1950; Fundamental Rights in Part III, Directive Principles in Part IV, Fundamental Duties in Part IVA (42nd Amendment, 1976).

Latitude and longitude: 1° latitude ≈ 111 km everywhere; longitude spacing shrinks toward the poles; IST is based on 82°30′E standard meridian, 5 hours 30 minutes ahead of GMT.

Democracy indicators: universal adult franchise, rule of law, independent judiciary, periodic free elections, and protection of minority rights; a majoritarian vote alone does not define democracy.

Map reading rule: representative fraction is unit-free (1:50,000), while a statement of scale carries units ('1 cm to 1 km'); contour lines close together indicate steep slope.