CG TET Paper 2 flashcards
CG TET Paper 2 · Build recall with a focused review session.
35 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Zone of Proximal Development
- Vygotsky's term for the distance between what a learner can do alone and what the learner can do with guidance from a more capable adult or peer.
- Conservation (Piaget)
- The understanding that quantity, mass, or volume stays the same despite changes in appearance or arrangement; typically achieved in the concrete operational stage, around age seven.
- Egocentrism (preoperational)
- Piaget's label for a young child's inability to take another person's viewpoint, shown in tasks where the child assumes others see exactly what the child sees.
- Formative assessment
- Ongoing assessment used during teaching to gather evidence about learning and adjust instruction; it provides feedback rather than a final grade or certificate.
- Intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation
- Intrinsic motivation arises from interest and mastery in the task itself; extrinsic motivation comes from external rewards or pressure such as marks, prizes, or fear of punishment.
- Inclusive education
- A model where schools and curricula are adapted so that all children, including those with disabilities, learn together in ordinary classrooms rather than being segregated.
- Kohlberg conventional level
- The second level of moral reasoning, where right and wrong are judged by social approval, loyalty, and maintaining existing laws and authority rather than by consequences.
- अनुस्वार और विसर्ग
- अनुस्वार (ं) नासिक ध्वनि है जो स्वर या व्यंजन के बाद आती है; विसर्ग (ः) प्राण-वायु की हल्की ध्वनि है, जैसे 'दुःख' में। दोनों अयोगवाह कहे जाते हैं।
- संधि क्या है
- दो वर्णों के मेल से होने वाले परिवर्तन को संधि कहते हैं; जैसे विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय। यह स्वर, व्यंजन या विसर्ग संधि में से कोई एक प्रकार होती है।
- बहुव्रीहि समास
- वह समास जिसमें दोनों पद मिलकर किसी तीसरे अर्थ की ओर संकेत करते हैं; जैसे 'चतुर्भुज' का अर्थ है चार भुजाओं वाला, न कि केवल चार और भुजा।
- उपमा अलंकार
- जब उपमेय की तुलना उपमान से सा, सी, सम, जैसा आदि वाचक शब्दों द्वारा स्पष्ट रूप से की जाती है, तो उसे उपमा अलंकार कहते हैं।
- रस के चार अंग
- रस के अंग हैं स्थायी भाव, विभाव, अनुभाव और संचारी भाव। स्थायी भाव उद्दीप्त होकर रस में परिणत होता है; जैसे रति से शृंगार रस।
- तत्सम और तद्भव
- तत्सम शब्द संस्कृत से बिना परिवर्तन आए हैं, जैसे अग्नि; तद्भव शब्द संस्कृत से बदलकर बने हैं, जैसे आग। यह हिंदी शब्द-भेद का सामान्य प्रश्न है।
- मौन पठन और सस्वर पठन
- मौन पठन में बिना आवाज पढ़कर अर्थ ग्रहण किया जाता है और गति बढ़ती है; सस्वर पठन में उच्चारण, लय और बलाघात का अभ्यास होता है। दोनों की अपनी भूमिका है।
- Communicative competence
- Hymes's concept that knowing a language means more than grammar: it includes grammatical, sociolinguistic, discourse, and strategic abilities to use language appropriately in context.
- Error versus mistake
- An error is a systematic, rule-governed deviation reflecting the learner's current interlanguage; a mistake is a random slip the learner can self-correct when attention is drawn to it.
- Present perfect tense
- Formed with has or have plus the past participle; it connects a past action to the present and is not used with definite past time markers such as yesterday.
- Second conditional
- Structure if plus simple past in the clause and would plus base verb in the main clause; it expresses an unreal or improbable present or future situation, not a past one.
- Skimming versus scanning
- Skimming is fast reading for general gist or main idea; scanning is fast reading to locate a specific detail such as a date, name, or number in a text.
- Test validity and reliability
- Validity means a test measures what it claims to measure; reliability means it gives consistent results across occasions or raters. A test can be reliable yet invalid.
- Washback effect
- The influence a test has on teaching and learning; positive washback aligns classroom work with real skills, negative washback narrows teaching to test formats.
- Direct to indirect speech
- Converting reported speech shifts tense back, changes pronouns and time-place words, and turns questions into statements using if or whether for yes-no questions.
- HCF-LCM product rule
- For any two positive integers, their HCF multiplied by their LCM equals the product of the two numbers; the rule does not extend to three or more numbers.
- Divisibility by 11
- A number is divisible by 11 when the difference between the sum of digits in odd places and the sum in even places is zero or a multiple of eleven.
- Exterior angle theorem
- An exterior angle of a triangle equals the sum of the two interior opposite angles; this follows from the angle sum of a triangle being 180 degrees.
- Sector area formula
- The area of a circle sector equals theta divided by 360, multiplied by pi r squared, where theta is the central angle in degrees.
- Parallel resistance rule
- In a parallel circuit the reciprocal of total resistance equals the sum of the reciprocals of individual resistances, so total resistance is less than the smallest resistor.
- Mass versus weight
- Mass is the quantity of matter, measured in kilograms and constant everywhere; weight is the gravitational force mg, measured in newtons and varying with gravity.
- Photosynthesis equation
- Six carbon dioxide plus six water, using light energy and chlorophyll in chloroplasts, produce one glucose and six oxygen molecules; it stores energy in chemical bonds.
- Harappan town planning
- Indus cities used grid-aligned streets, burnt-brick houses, covered drainage, and a raised citadel; the Great Bath is at Mohenjo-daro and the dockyard at Lothal.
- Ashokan edicts
- Inscriptions of Ashoka carved on rocks and pillars, written in Prakrit using Brahmi script, propagating dhamma; they are primary sources for Mauryan history.
- Dandi March 1930
- Gandhi's march to Dandi to make salt in defiance of the salt tax launched the Civil Disobedience Movement; it began at Sabarmati Ashram on 12 March 1930.
- Indian Standard Time meridian
- IST is based on the standard meridian 82 degrees 30 minutes east, giving a time 5 hours 30 minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time throughout India.
- Fundamental Duties
- Added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976 as Part IVA, Article 51A, they list citizens' duties; unlike Fundamental Rights, they are not directly enforceable by courts.
- Representative fraction scale
- A map scale written as a ratio such as 1:50,000, which is unit-free; a statement of scale instead names units, for example one centimetre to one kilometre.