Chandigarh Police Constable key terms

Two or more quantities compared by division, written as a:b. In police numerical papers you simplify ratios, divide an amount in a given ratio, and use them to share money or work between people.

A statement that two ratios are equal, such as 3:4 = 9:12. The product of the outer terms equals the product of the inner terms, which lets you find a missing value quickly.

A fraction expressed out of one hundred. Candidates convert between fractions, decimals and percentages, and solve increase, decrease and pass-mark type questions using the base value.

Interest calculated only on the original principal, using the formula principal × rate × time ÷ 100. It never compounds, so the yearly interest amount stays the same throughout the period.

Interest charged on both the principal and the interest already added, so the amount grows each period. Questions usually ask for the amount after two or three years at a given rate.

The original sum of money lent, borrowed or invested before any interest is added. Identifying the principal correctly is the first step in every interest, profit and loss problem.

The gain or loss found by comparing selling price with cost price. Profit equals selling price minus cost price, and percentage profit is always calculated on the cost price unless stated otherwise.

The price at which an article is actually sold to the buyer. It may differ from the marked price once a discount is allowed, and it decides whether the seller makes a profit or loss.

A reduction given on the marked price of an article. Discount is calculated on the marked price, while profit or loss is calculated on the cost price, so the two must not be confused.

The sum of all given values divided by how many values there are. Average problems often ask for a new average after one value is added, removed or corrected.

The relation distance = speed × time. Candidates convert kilometres per hour to metres per second by multiplying by five-eighteenths, and solve train, boat and relative-speed questions from it.

Problems where workers finish a job at different rates. The standard method takes the one-day work of each person as a fraction, adds the fractions, and inverts the total to get days needed.

A sequence of numbers following a hidden rule such as adding a fixed value, multiplying, or combining squares. You must find the missing or wrong term by spotting that rule.

A reasoning topic where words or letters are replaced by a rule, for example shifting each letter by a fixed number of places. You apply the same rule to a new word to decode it.

Reasoning questions that describe family links in words or symbols and ask how two people are related. Drawing a small family tree avoids mistakes with gender and generation.

Questions where a person walks or turns in given directions and you must find the final direction or shortest distance. A rough sketch with north at the top prevents errors.

A logic topic with two or more statements and conclusions, where you decide which conclusions follow. Only the information given counts; real-world knowledge must be ignored.

A reasoning question giving a short statement followed by hidden assumptions, and you judge which assumption is implied. The assumption must be necessary for the statement to make sense.

A repeated arrangement of shapes, letters or numbers whose next element you must predict. Non-verbal pattern questions test observation of rotation, reflection, counting and position.

A reasoning topic about the angle between the hour and minute hands at a given time. The minute hand moves six degrees per minute and the hour hand half a degree per minute.

Questions on day of the week for a date, leap years and odd days. A normal year has one odd day and a leap year two, which lets you shift the weekday forward.

The supreme law of India, adopted on 26 November 1949 and enforced on 26 January 1950. It sets out fundamental rights, duties, directive principles and the structure of government.

Rights guaranteed in Part III of the Constitution, such as equality, freedom of speech, and protection of life and personal liberty. They can be enforced in court through writs.

The body that drafted the Indian Constitution. Dr B. R. Ambedkar chaired its Drafting Committee, and Dr Rajendra Prasad was its President.

A formal written order of a court commanding someone to act or refrain from acting. The five writs are habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, certiorari and quo warranto.

The three-tier system of local self-government in rural India at village, block and district levels. It was given constitutional status by the 73rd Amendment Act of 1992.

Chandigarh is a Union Territory and the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana. It is administered by an Administrator, usually the Governor of Punjab, appointed by the President.

A territory directly governed by the Union government through an Administrator appointed by the President. India currently has eight union territories, including Chandigarh and Delhi.

The main criminal law of India, drafted in 1860 on the recommendation of the first Law Commission. It defines offences such as theft, assault and murder and their punishments.

The law that lays down how criminal cases are investigated, tried and appealed. It explains arrest, bail, FIR, summons and the powers of police and magistrates.

First Information Report, the written record police make when they first receive information about a cognizable offence. It starts the investigation and a copy is given free to the informant.

Basic freedoms every person is entitled to simply by being human, such as life, liberty and equality. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the United Nations in 1948.

A word that carries the same or nearly the same meaning as another word in the same context. Synonym questions in the English section test vocabulary range and precision.

A word with the opposite meaning to another, such as 'victory' and 'defeat'. Antonym questions usually give one word and four options, of which only one is truly opposite.

A fixed phrase whose meaning cannot be worked out from its individual words, such as 'to burn the midnight oil' meaning to study late. Idioms are asked with a matching meaning.

Replacing a whole phrase with a single precise word, for example 'a person who loves books' becomes 'bibliophile'. This tests vocabulary and economy of expression in English.

System software that manages hardware, files and programs and provides a user interface. Common examples are Windows, Linux, Android and macOS, and it must load before other applications run.

RAM is temporary working memory whose contents are lost when power goes off. ROM is permanent memory holding start-up instructions that cannot normally be changed by the user.

Input devices such as keyboard, mouse and scanner send data into a computer. Output devices such as monitor, printer and speaker present results to the user.

Electronic mail sent over a network using an address in the form name@domain. It needs a mail client or web service, and each message carries To, Cc, Bcc and Subject fields.

A worldwide network of linked computers that exchange data using common protocols such as TCP/IP. The web, email and messaging all run on top of it.

Uniform Resource Locator, the address typed to reach a page or file on the web. It includes the protocol, domain name and sometimes a path, for example https://example.com/page.

A key combination that performs a command quickly, such as Ctrl+C to copy, Ctrl+V to paste, Ctrl+Z to undo and Ctrl+P to print. Basic computer questions often test these.