CHSE Odisha Elective Logic study guide
CHSE Odisha Elective Logic · Work through your exam, one topic at a time.
Logic as an elective in the CHSE Odisha +2 curriculum is a descriptive, written-answer subject: candidates explain distinctions, reconstruct arguments in standard form, test validity, and name fallacies, rather than shade bubbles on a machine-scored sheet. It suits students in the Arts stream who intend to take philosophy, law, journalism, public administration or education at degree level, and anyone who wants a disciplined vocabulary for argument. The CHSE Odisha Elective Logic study guide has 10 sections and about 2,661 words.
01Introduction to Logic: Nature, Scope and Utility
Logic is the normative study of arguments. It asks whether a conclusion follows from premises, not merely whether the premises or conclusion happen to be true.
297 words, about 1 min02Terms, Propositions and Categorical Statements
A term is a word or phrase that can serve as subject or predicate of a categorical proposition. A proposition is a declarative statement capable of being true or false.
293 words, about 1 min03Immediate Inference and the Square of Opposition
Immediate inference draws a conclusion from one categorical proposition without a second premise. The traditional square relates A, E, I, and O with the same S and P: Contradictories: A–O and E–I differ in truth value; one is true exactly when the other is false.
289 words, about 1 min04Categorical Syllogism: Rules, Figures and Moods
A categorical syllogism has three categorical propositions and exactly three terms: major (P), minor (S), and middle (M). The major premise contains P; the minor contains S; the conclusion relates S and P.
284 words, about 1 min05Fallacies: Formal and Informal
A formal fallacy is a defect in logical form, such as affirming the consequent or denying the antecedent. An informal fallacy is a defect in content, context, or relevance, such as ad hominem, straw man, false dilemma, begging the question, equivocation, composition, division, post hoc, hasty generalization, and appeal to inappropriate authority.
239 words, about 1 min06Propositional Logic: Truth Functions and Truth Tables
Propositional logic treats simple propositions as truth-functional units. Negation (¬P) reverses truth value.
285 words, about 1 min07Techniques of Proof and Inference Rules
A proof derives a conclusion from premises using inference rules. Common implicational rules include modus ponens (P → Q, P, therefore Q), modus tollens (P → Q, ¬Q, therefore ¬P), hypothetical syllogism, disjunctive syllogism, simplification, conjunction, addition, and constructive dilemma.
234 words, about 1 min08Inductive Reasoning: Analogy, Generalisation and Causation
Inductive arguments make conclusions probable, not certain. Strength depends on sample size, representativeness, relevance of evidence, and absence of bias.
229 words, about 1 min09Scientific Method and Hypothesis
A scientific hypothesis is a testable, provisional explanation or prediction. The method typically includes observation, problem formulation, hypothesis, deduction of consequences, experiment or observation, and revision.
238 words, about 1 min10Symbolic Logic and Logical Form (basic)
Symbolic logic replaces ordinary language with variables, connectives, predicates, and quantifiers so that form becomes visible. Propositional logic uses sentence letters.
273 words, about 1 min