CIL MT flashcards

33 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Article 32

Constitutional right to remedies for enforcement of Fundamental Rights; called the heart and soul of the Constitution by Dr. Ambedkar; empowers the Supreme Court to issue five writs.

Money Bill

A bill dealing only with taxation or government borrowing, defined under Article 110; introduced only in the Lok Sabha on the President's recommendation, with the Rajya Sabha limited to 14-day recommendations.

Repo rate

The rate at which the Reserve Bank of India lends short-term funds to commercial banks against government securities; raising it reduces liquidity and helps control inflation.

Census 2011 literacy rate

India's effective literacy rate was 74.04 percent, with males at 82.14 percent and females at 65.46 percent; Kerala ranked highest and Bihar lowest among states.

Battle of Plassey

Fought in 1757 between Robert Clive's East India Company forces and Siraj-ud-Daulah, Nawab of Bengal; the British victory firmly established Company political power in Bengal.

Ozone layer

A stratospheric band of ozone that absorbs most harmful ultraviolet-B radiation; it is depleted mainly by chlorofluorocarbons and halons, regulated under the Montreal Protocol.

Fundamental Duties

Added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976 on the Swaran Singh Committee's recommendation; Article 51A lists eleven duties of citizens and they are non-justiciable in courts.

Reverse alphabet position

The position of a letter counted from Z instead of A; it equals 27 minus the forward position, so A becomes 26, B becomes 25 and Z becomes 1.

EJOTY mnemonic

A memory aid giving the letters at positions 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 of the alphabet: E, J, O, T and Y; used to locate letter positions quickly in coding questions.

Clock hands coincide

The minute hand gains 5.5 degrees per minute over the hour hand, so the two hands of a clock overlap once every 65 5/11 minutes.

Odd days in centuries

One hundred years contain 5 odd days, two hundred contain 3, three hundred contain 1 and four hundred contain 0; a century year is a leap year only if divisible by 400.

Painted cube formula

For a cube cut into n-cubed small cubes, cubes with two painted faces number 12(n−2), with one painted face 6(n−2) squared, and with no painted face (n−2) cubed.

Ranking total formula

The total number of persons in a row equals the rank from the left plus the rank from the right minus one, since the same person is counted twice.

Syllogism validity rule

'All A are B' does not imply 'All B are A'. A conclusion is valid only if it is true in every possible Venn diagram consistent with the given statements.

Sum of first n naturals

The sum of the first n natural numbers is n(n+1)/2 and their average is (n+1)/2; the sum of the first n squares is n(n+1)(2n+1)/6.

Compound interest formula

Amount equals principal times (1 + R/100) raised to T, and compound interest is amount minus principal; for half-yearly compounding use R/2 and 2T.

km/h to m/s

Multiply a speed in kilometres per hour by 5/18 to obtain metres per second; multiply by 18/5 to convert metres per second back into kilometres per hour.

Work and time rule

If A alone finishes a job in x days and B in y days, working together they take xy/(x+y) days, because their combined one-day work is 1/x + 1/y.

Train crossing platform

The time taken equals the sum of the train's length and the platform's length divided by the train's speed; for a pole the platform length is taken as zero.

HCF and LCM relation

For two positive integers, the product of their HCF and LCM equals the product of the numbers themselves; this relation does not hold for three or more numbers.

Profit percentage formula

Profit percent equals selling price minus cost price, divided by cost price, multiplied by 100; selling price equals cost price times (1 + profit percent/100).

Subject-verb agreement with one

In the pattern 'one of + plural noun', the verb agrees with the singular 'one', so the correct form is 'One of the boys is absent', not 'are absent'.

Present perfect with since

The present perfect tense (has/have plus past participle) is used with 'since' before a point of time and with 'for' before a duration, as in 'since 2010' and 'for five years'.

Active to passive voice

The object becomes the subject, the verb becomes a form of 'be' plus the past participle, and the original subject follows 'by'; the original tense must be preserved.

Uses of definite article

'The' is used before superlatives, unique objects, rivers, mountain ranges and newspaper names, but is generally omitted before most country names and personal names.

Idiom: bite the bullet

An idiom meaning to endure a painful or unavoidable situation with courage, often after delaying it; it has nothing to do with literally eating something hard.

Ohm's law

For a conductor at constant temperature, voltage equals current multiplied by resistance; the power dissipated equals voltage times current, or current squared times resistance.

Balanced three-phase power

Total power in a balanced three-phase load equals the square root of three multiplied by line voltage, line current and power factor; in star connection line voltage is root-three times phase voltage.

Mohs hardness scale

Minerals arranged by increasing hardness: talc 1, gypsum 2, calcite 3, fluorite 4, apatite 5, orthoclase 6, quartz 7, topaz 8, corundum 9 and diamond 10.

Concrete grade M20

A concrete designation meaning characteristic compressive strength of 20 newtons per square millimetre, measured on 150 mm cubes tested at 28 days of curing.

Carnot efficiency

The maximum possible efficiency of a heat engine operating between a hot and a cold reservoir equals one minus the cold temperature divided by the hot temperature, both in kelvin.

Bernoulli's equation

For steady, incompressible, frictionless flow along a streamline, pressure plus half the density times velocity squared plus density times gravity times height stays constant.

Current ratio

A liquidity measure equal to current assets divided by current liabilities; a value below one suggests the firm may struggle to meet short-term obligations.