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Article 32 allows a citizen to move the Supreme Court directly for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights, and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar described it as the heart and soul of the Constitution. Article 19 protects the six freedoms, Article 21 protects life and personal liberty, and Article 44 is a Directive Principle on a uniform civil code.
The Ganga runs about 2,525 km from the Gangotri glacier to the Bay of Bengal and is the longest river lying wholly in Indian territory. The Brahmaputra is longer overall but much of its course lies outside India, while the Godavari is the longest peninsular river and the Yamuna is a tributary of the Ganga.
Chandragupta Maurya, aided by his mentor Chanakya, overthrew the Nanda dynasty and founded the Maurya Empire around 322 BCE. Ashoka and Bindusara were later Mauryan rulers, while Bimbisara belonged to the Haryanka dynasty of Magadha.
The ampere is the SI base unit of electric current and is defined using the fixed value of the elementary charge. The volt measures potential difference, the ohm measures resistance, and the watt measures power.
The Reserve Bank of India, established in 1935 and nationalised in 1949, is the country's central bank and monetary authority. SEBI regulates the securities market, NITI Aayog is a policy think tank, and the State Bank of India is a commercial bank.
Nitrogen accounts for roughly 78 per cent of the atmosphere by volume, making it the most abundant gas. Oxygen is about 21 per cent, argon about 0.9 per cent, and carbon dioxide only about 0.04 per cent.
UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, is headquartered in Paris. Geneva hosts agencies such as the WHO and WTO, New York hosts the UN headquarters, and Vienna hosts the IAEA.
A football team fields eleven players, including one goalkeeper, and a match cannot start if either side has fewer than seven. Nine and ten are below the standard number, and twelve would exceed the permitted strength.
The Tenth Schedule, inserted by the 52nd Amendment in 1985, lays down the grounds on which a legislator may be disqualified for defection. The Ninth Schedule protects certain land reform laws from judicial review, while the Eleventh and Twelfth Schedules deal with panchayats and municipalities respectively.
The Tropic of Cancer crosses eight Indian states: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram. It does not pass through states such as Uttar Pradesh, Bihar or Odisha, which reduces the count from the other options.
Lord Mountbatten served as the first Governor-General of independent India from 1947 to 1948. C. Rajagopalachari was the last Governor-General and the first Indian to hold the post, Lord Wavell was the last Viceroy, and Rajendra Prasad became the first President.
In a repo transaction, the Reserve Bank of India lends short-term funds to commercial banks against the security of government bonds, and the interest charged is the repo rate. The rate at which the RBI absorbs funds from banks is the reverse repo rate, while deposit and lending rates are set by individual banks.
Scurvy results from a lack of Vitamin C, which is needed for the synthesis of collagen and is found in citrus fruits and vegetables. Vitamin A deficiency causes night blindness, Vitamin D deficiency causes rickets, and Vitamin K deficiency impairs blood clotting.
Jharkhand accounts for the largest share of India's geological coal reserves, followed by Odisha and Chhattisgarh. Chhattisgarh and Odisha often lead in annual coal production, but the question here concerns reserves.
The five permanent members of the UN Security Council are China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States, each holding veto power. Germany, Japan and India are not permanent members and have sought reform of the Council.
The Bharat Ratna is India's highest civilian honour, awarded for exceptional service in any field. The Padma Vibhushan is the second-highest civilian award, the Padma Bhushan the third, and the Param Vir Chakra is the highest wartime military decoration.
The Palk Strait lies between the Tamil Nadu coast of India and northern Sri Lanka, with the Gulf of Mannar to its south. The Maldives lies across the Eight Degree Channel, while Indonesia and Bangladesh are separated from India by other waters or land boundaries.
The Chief Justice of India administers the oath to the President, and in the Chief Justice's absence the senior-most judge of the Supreme Court available performs this duty. The Vice-President takes his oath from the President, while the Prime Minister and Speaker are sworn in by the President or other designated authorities.
Jupiter is the largest planet, with a mass greater than all the other planets combined. Saturn is the second largest, Neptune the fourth largest by diameter, and Earth the fifth.
The Consumer Price Index tracks changes in the prices of a basket of goods and services bought by households and is the measure of retail inflation. The Wholesale Price Index covers wholesale transactions, the IIP measures industrial output, and the GDP deflator covers the whole economy.
The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 inserted Part IVA and Article 51A, creating ten Fundamental Duties on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee. The 44th Amendment rolled back several provisions of the Emergency period, the 52nd Amendment added the anti-defection law, and the 73rd Amendment dealt with panchayats.
The Rowlatt Act was enacted in 1919 to empower the government to detain suspects without trial, and the protests against it culminated in the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. The 1909 Act introduced separate electorates, and the 1935 Act established provincial autonomy.
The Mariana Trench in the western Pacific Ocean contains the Challenger Deep, the deepest known point on Earth at nearly 11,000 metres below sea level. The Tonga, Puerto Rico and Java trenches are also very deep but do not reach the depth of the Mariana Trench.
The cerebellum, at the back of the brain below the cerebrum, coordinates voluntary movements and maintains posture and balance. The medulla oblongata controls autonomic functions such as breathing, the hypothalamus regulates homeostasis and hormones, and the cerebrum handles thought, memory and voluntary action.
The Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997 under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, set binding greenhouse gas reduction targets for developed countries. The Montreal Protocol protects the ozone layer, the Basel Convention governs hazardous waste movement, and the Convention on Biological Diversity deals with biodiversity.
The Ganges river dolphin was declared the national aquatic animal of India in 2009, recognising it as an indicator of the health of the Ganga ecosystem. It is a freshwater species found mainly in the Ganga-Brahmaputra river system and is classified as endangered.
Most atmospheric ozone is concentrated in the stratosphere, roughly 15–35 km above the surface, where it absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation. This absorption also warms the stratosphere and creates the temperature inversion that stabilises the layer.
The Indian Councils Act of 1909 is called the Morley-Minto Reforms after John Morley, the Secretary of State for India, and Lord Minto, the Viceroy. It enlarged the legislative councils and introduced separate electorates for Muslims.
The Kosi is called the 'Sorrow of Bihar' because it shifts its course frequently across its alluvial fan and causes severe floods in north Bihar. Its heavy silt load and unstable channels make embankments ineffective over time.
The Sargasso Sea is a region of the North Atlantic bounded by ocean currents rather than land, lying within the gyre formed by the Gulf Stream and related currents. Its calm, warm waters support floating Sargassum seaweed.
A barometer measures atmospheric pressure, usually in millibars or hectopascals, and is used in weather forecasting and altitude measurement. A mercury barometer balances the weight of a mercury column against the air pressure.
Article 19 guarantees the six freedoms, including speech and expression, only to citizens. Articles 14, 21 and 25 use the word 'persons' and therefore extend to foreigners as well.
The Battle of Plassey was fought on 23 June 1757, in which the forces of the East India Company under Robert Clive defeated Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal. It is conventionally treated as the beginning of Company political power in India.
Article 280 empowers the President to constitute a Finance Commission, ordinarily every five years, to recommend the distribution of tax revenues between the Union and the States. It is the constitutional basis for devolution of central taxes.
Gujarat has the longest coastline among Indian states, at roughly 1,600 km along the Gulf of Kutch and the Gulf of Khambhat. Its numerous creeks, inlets and the Saurashtra peninsula give it this extended shoreline.
UNEP is headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya, which made it the first UN body headquartered in a developing country. It was established after the 1972 Stockholm Conference on the human environment.
IST is fixed at UTC+5:30, which corresponds to the longitude 82°30' E passing near Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh. A difference of 15° of longitude corresponds to one hour, so 82°30' gives the half-hour offset.
Nokrek Biosphere Reserve lies in the Garo Hills of Meghalaya and forms part of the Garo Hills ecosystem. It is notable for the Nokrek Peak and for wild citrus species such as the Memang Narang.
Corbett National Park in Uttarakhand was established in 1936 as Hailey National Park, making it the oldest national park in India. It was renamed after Jim Corbett and formed the core of the country's first Project Tiger reserve in 1973.
The differences between successive terms are 3, 5, 7 and 9, which increase by 2 every step. The next difference must therefore be 11, so the missing term is 27 + 11 = 38.
A perfect square is an integer multiplied by itself: 11 x 11 = 121, 12 x 12 = 144 and 13 x 13 = 169. The number 180 lies between 169 and 196 and equals none of the squares, so it does not belong to the group.
Every letter of the word is moved one place forward in the alphabet (M to N, O to P, and so on). Applying the same one-step forward shift to TIGER gives U, J, H, F, S.
The first move of 5 km north is exactly cancelled by the final 5 km south, since the second right turn faces him south. Only the middle move of 3 km east remains, so he is 3 km east of the start.
The grandfather's only son must be Ravi's own father, since Ravi has no other paternal uncle. The daughter of Ravi's father is therefore Ravi's sister.
Comparing letter by letter, Nasty comes first, then Nation (i before v at the fourth place), then Native, and finally Nature because u follows i. The third word in this order is Native.
The rank from the bottom is found by subtracting the rank from the top from the total and adding one, because the student himself is counted twice otherwise. Here 40 - 12 + 1 = 29.
Every block of 7 days returns the same weekday, and 61 divided by 7 leaves a remainder of 5. Moving 5 days forward from Monday gives Saturday.
In the first pair the second number equals the first multiplied by the next integer: 6 x 7 = 42. Applying the same rule, 8 x 9 = 72.
Numbering the seats 1 to 5 from the left, S is at 1 and Q at 5. T is second to the right of S, so T is at seat 3, and R must sit at seat 4 to be between T and Q; P occupies seat 2. The third seat from the left is therefore held by T.
The two statements chain together, so everything that is a rose is a flower and hence a plant, making conclusion I valid. Because roses exist and every rose is a plant, it also follows that some plants are roses, so conclusion II is valid too.