CWC Junior Technical Assistant cheat sheet

Alphabet positions: A=1 to Z=26; EJOTY mnemonic gives E=5, J=10, O=15, T=20, Y=25; reverse position of a letter = 27 − forward position.

Coding-decoding: check shift patterns first (uniform shift, alternating shift, reverse alphabet A↔Z), then positional sums; for letter-pair codes, test whether the second letter is the first letter's reverse-complement.

Blood relations: draw a tree; vertical line = parent-child, horizontal line = spouse/sibling. 'Only son of my grandfather' = father; 'daughter of my mother's only child' (speaker male) = niece.

Direction sense: use a compass sketch; final distance = √(net north-south² + net east-west²); facing rotates 90° clockwise = right turn, 90° counter-clockwise = left turn.

Series: for number series test differences, then ratios, then squares/cubes ± constant, then alternating two-series interleave; for letter series convert to numbers and apply the same checks.

Syllogism: two particular premises give no universal conclusion; 'some A are B' + 'all B are C' yields 'some A are C'; a conclusion is valid only if true in every Venn arrangement.

Seating arrangement: fix the circular table convention - facing centre means left = clockwise; facing outward means left = counter-clockwise; for linear rows, left/right flip when the row faces the opposite direction.

Odd-one-out and analogy: classify by number properties (prime, perfect square, cube, digit sum), by spelling features (double letters, position of vowels), or by semantic class for word analogies (part-whole, cause-effect, synonym).

Constitutional facts: the Constitution was adopted 26 November 1949 and came into force 26 January 1950; the Preamble was amended once, by the 42nd Amendment Act 1976, which added 'socialist', 'secular' and 'integrity'.

Fundamental Rights sit in Part III (Articles 12–35); the Right to Education (Article 21A) was inserted by the 86th Amendment, 2002; the Right to Property was removed from Fundamental Rights by the 44th Amendment, 1978.

Key national institutions: Reserve Bank of India (1935, nationalised 1949), NABARD (1982, apex for rural credit and agriculture refinance), Food Corporation of India (1965), SEBI (1988, statutory 1992).

Indian agriculture: India is the world's largest producer of milk, pulses and spices, and the second-largest producer of rice, wheat, sugarcane and cotton; the Green Revolution is associated with M. S. Swaminathan and the wheat varieties of Norman Borlaug.

Space and defence: ISRO's Chandrayaan-3 soft-landed near the lunar south pole in August 2023; PSLV is the workhorse launch vehicle; BrahMos is a supersonic cruise missile developed jointly with Russia.

Static geography: Tropic of Cancer passes through eight Indian states; the Deccan Plateau is bounded by the Western and Eastern Ghats; the Sundarbans is the world's largest mangrove forest.

Awards and days: Bharat Ratna is India's highest civilian award; National Science Day is 28 February (Raman effect); World Food Day is 16 October; National Agriculture Day (Kisan Diwas) is 23 December.

Current-affairs strategy: anchor each item to a date and a source; schemes are frequently renamed or merged, so verify the current name and ministry rather than recalling an older title.

Percentage and profit: profit% = (SP − CP)/CP × 100; successive changes of a% and b% give net change a + b + ab/100; if price rises by r%, consumption must fall by 100r/(100 + r)% to keep expenditure constant.

Simple and compound interest: SI = PRT/100; CI = P(1 + R/100)^T − P; for two years the CI − SI gap equals P(R/100)²; half-yearly compounding halves the rate and doubles the periods.

Ratio and mixture: alligation rule gives the ratio of two components as (mean − cheaper) : (dearer − mean); for a vessel of volume V from which x litres are drawn and refilled n times, final pure liquid = V(1 − x/V)^n.

Time, speed, distance: average speed for equal distances = 2xy/(x + y); a train of length L crossing a platform of length P at speed v takes (L + P)/v; relative speed adds for opposite directions and subtracts for the same direction.

Time and work: if A does a job in a days and B in b days, together they take ab/(a + b) days; use LCM of days as total work units to convert rates into integers; efficiency is inversely proportional to days.

Mensuration: circle area πr², circumference 2πr; cylinder volume πr²h, curved surface 2πrh; cone volume (1/3)πr²h; sphere volume (4/3)πr³ and surface 4πr²; cuboid volume lbh, total surface 2(lb + bh + hl).

Number system: divisibility by 3 or 9 from digit sum, by 4 from the last two digits, by 8 from the last three, by 11 from the alternating digit-sum difference; HCF × LCM = product of the two numbers.

Averages and data: new average after adding a value = (old sum + value)/(n + 1); for an arithmetic series, average = (first + last)/2; in grouped data, mean uses class midpoints and the median class is the one containing the cumulative frequency n/2.

Subject-verb agreement: a singular subject takes a singular verb regardless of intervening phrases; 'one of + plural noun' takes a singular verb; 'each, every, either, neither' are singular; 'neither … nor' follows the nearer subject.

Articles: 'a' before consonant sounds (a university, a one-rupee coin), 'an' before vowel sounds (an hour, an MLA); 'the' with superlatives, unique objects, rivers, oceans and mountain ranges; no article before uncountable nouns used generally.

Prepositions: 'since' with a point of time and 'for' with a duration; 'in' for months/years, 'on' for days/dates; 'compare with' for differences and 'compare to' for similarity; 'comprise' takes no 'of'.

Tenses: present perfect (has/have + past participle) for past action with present relevance; past perfect for the earlier of two past actions; after 'if' in a second conditional use the past simple with 'would' in the main clause.

Common error traps: 'discuss about', 'return back', 'more better', 'one of my friend', 'each of the boys were' are all incorrect; also check double comparatives and misplaced 'only'.

Vocabulary building: learn roots and prefixes (bene-, mal-, anti-, circum-, -cide, -logy); for one-word substitution group by theme (people, places, fear of, killing of) rather than alphabetically.

Cloze and comprehension: read the whole passage once for gist, then answer only from stated information; for cloze items test collocation and grammatical fit rather than meaning alone.

Idioms and phrases: interpret figuratively - 'a bolt from the blue' = sudden shock; 'to burn the midnight oil' = to study or work late; 'to beat about the bush' = to avoid the main point.

Safe storage moisture: cereal grains are generally stored safely near 12–14% moisture (wheat and rice around 12–13%, paddy slightly higher), oilseeds near 7–9%, and pulses around 9–10%; above these levels mould and heating risk rises sharply.

Equilibrium moisture content depends on grain type, temperature and relative humidity; raising temperature at constant RH lowers equilibrium moisture, so warm grain supports more mould growth at the same moisture.

Respiration of grain and microorganisms consumes dry matter and releases heat and moisture; a self-reinforcing 'hot spot' forms when heat cannot escape, so aeration and cooling are the primary control measures.

Storage structures: bag storage in warehouses, bulk storage in silos, and traditional structures such as mud bins, Bukhari and Kothar; modern options include CAP (controlled atmosphere) and hermetic bags that reduce oxygen to control insects.

Insect control in stored grain: fumigation with phosphine (aluminium phosphide tablets releasing PH₃) requires a gas-tight enclosure and a safety interval; phosphine is not effective below roughly 15 °C, and resistance is a recognised problem.

Grading and quality: moisture content by oven method or moisture meter, bulk density (test weight) as a proxy for soundness, foreign matter, broken and damaged grains, and germination percentage for seed lots; standards follow BIS and the relevant marketing inspection rules.

Warehouse operations: FIFO/FEFO stock rotation, stack height and dunnage to keep bags off the floor and away from walls, periodic stock verification, and maintenance of temperature, humidity and pest records.

Losses and measures: post-harvest losses arise from threshing, drying, handling, transport and storage; drying to safe moisture before bagging, cleaning, rodent-proofing and correct bag stacking reduce them most effectively.

Stress and strain: stress σ = force/area (N/m² or Pa), strain ε = change in length/original length (dimensionless); Young's modulus E = σ/ε in the elastic region; Poisson's ratio = lateral strain/longitudinal strain, about 0.3 for steel.

Simple machines: mechanical advantage = load/effort; velocity ratio = distance moved by effort/distance moved by load; efficiency = MA/VR × 100%; for a screw jack VR = 2πL/pitch.

Power transmission: for a belt, velocity ratio = diameter of driven/diameter of driver; for gears, ratio = teeth on driven/teeth on driver; power = 2πNT/60 with torque T in N·m and speed N in rpm.

Fluids: pressure = force/area, and hydrostatic pressure = ρgh; flow rate Q = area × velocity (continuity equation); Bernoulli's principle relates pressure, velocity and elevation along a streamline.

Thermodynamics and heat: sensible heat Q = mcΔT; latent heat Q = mL; 1 kcal = 4.186 kJ; a refrigeration ton = 3.517 kW; COP = refrigerating effect/work input.

Electrical basics: Ohm's law V = IR; power P = VI = I²R = V²/R; for resistors in series R = R₁ + R₂ + …, in parallel 1/R = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + …; single-phase power = VI cos φ and three-phase = √3 VI cos φ.

Measurement and drawing: vernier least count = 1 main-scale division − 1 vernier division (typically 0.02 mm); micrometer least count = pitch/number of circular-scale divisions (typically 0.01 mm); first-angle projection places the view on the far side of the object.

Material properties: ductility allows drawing into wire, malleability allows hammering into sheets, toughness resists shock, hardness resists indentation, and fatigue is failure under repeated cyclic stress below the ultimate strength.

Lifting safety: the safe working load (SWL) equals the breaking load divided by the safety factor; never exceed the rated capacity, and the load must be centred under the hook with the hook latch closed.

Sling angles: tension in each leg rises as the included angle widens; at 60° to the horizontal each leg carries about 0.58 of the load, at 45° about 0.71, and at 30° the full load - wider slings increase leg tension sharply.

Forklift rules: travel with the load low and the mast tilted back, forks trailing when unladen, sound the horn at blind corners, and never carry passengers; a laden forklift's stability depends on the load centre distance shown on the data plate.

Material handling equipment: conveyors for continuous flow over fixed routes, cranes and hoists for vertical and short horizontal moves, pallet trucks and stackers for palletised loads, and bucket elevators for vertical grain movement.

Grain handling hazards: dust explosions require combustible dust, oxygen, an ignition source and dispersion - control by enclosure, extraction, earthing and avoiding naked flames; entrapment in grain bins is prevented by never walking on bridged grain.

Personal protective equipment: helmet, safety shoes with toe caps, high-visibility vest, gloves and hearing protection in noisy areas; respiratory protection for dust and fumigant exposure, with gas masks for phosphine.

Electrical and fire safety: use the correct class of extinguisher (CO₂ for electrical, foam or water for Class A, dry powder as general-purpose), isolate before maintenance, and follow lock-out/tag-out.

Manual handling and ergonomics: keep the load close to the body, bend the knees rather than the back, avoid twisting while lifting, and use team lifting or mechanical aids when the load exceeds a safe single-person limit.

Coding-decoding: test uniform shift, then alternating shift, then reverse alphabet (A↔Z = 27 − position); for number codes check digit sums and products before assuming a shift.

Blood relations: draw a tree with vertical lines for parent-child and horizontal for spouse/sibling; 'only daughter of my mother's only child' resolves to a niece when the speaker is male.

Direction sense: sketch the path on a compass; final displacement = √(net N-S² + net E-W²); right turn = 90° clockwise, left turn = 90° counter-clockwise.

Number series: test differences, then ratios, then squares/cubes ± constant, then interleaved alternating series; letter series convert to numbers first.

Syllogism: 'some A are B' plus 'all B are C' gives 'some A are C'; two particular premises give no universal conclusion; accept a conclusion only if true in every Venn arrangement.

Circular seating: facing the centre, left is clockwise and right is counter-clockwise; facing outward the directions reverse; in a linear row, left and right flip for people facing the opposite way.

Odd-one-out: classify by number property (prime, square, cube, digit sum) or spelling feature (double letters, vowel position) before falling back on meaning.

Analogy types: part-whole, cause-effect, worker-tool, synonym-antonym, and degree relationships - identify the relation in the first pair, then apply exactly the same relation to the second.

The Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950; the 42nd Amendment (1976) added 'socialist', 'secular' and 'integrity' to the Preamble.

Fundamental Rights occupy Part III (Articles 12–35); Article 21A, the Right to Education, was inserted by the 86th Amendment (2002); the Right to Property ceased to be a Fundamental Right under the 44th Amendment (1978).

Institutional dates: Reserve Bank of India 1935 (nationalised 1949), NABARD 1982 as the apex refinance body for rural credit, Food Corporation of India 1965, SEBI statutory in 1992.

India is the world's largest producer of milk, pulses and spices and the second-largest of rice, wheat, sugarcane and cotton; the Green Revolution is linked to M. S. Swaminathan and Norman Borlaug's wheat varieties.

ISRO's Chandrayaan-3 achieved a soft landing near the lunar south pole in August 2023; PSLV is the workhorse launcher; BrahMos is a supersonic cruise missile developed jointly with Russia.

The Tropic of Cancer crosses eight Indian states; the Sundarbans is the world's largest mangrove forest; the Deccan Plateau lies between the Western and Eastern Ghats.

Observance days: National Science Day 28 February, World Food Day 16 October, Kisan Diwas 23 December; Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian award.

Scheme names and ministries change, so verify the current title and sponsoring ministry for any flagship programme before relying on memory.

Profit% = (SP − CP)/CP × 100; successive changes a% then b% give net a + b + ab/100; if price rises r%, consumption must fall 100r/(100 + r)% to hold expenditure constant.

SI = PRT/100; CI = P(1 + R/100)^T − P; the two-year gap CI − SI = P(R/100)²; half-yearly compounding halves the rate and doubles the periods.

Alligation gives the mixing ratio as (mean − cheaper) : (dearer − mean); repeated draw-and-replace of x litres from volume V, n times, leaves V(1 − x/V)^n of the original liquid.

Average speed over equal distances = 2xy/(x + y); a train of length L crossing a platform P at speed v takes (L + P)/v; relative speed adds for opposite, subtracts for same direction.

Work: if A takes a days and B takes b days, together they take ab/(a + b) days; take the LCM of the days as total work to convert rates into whole numbers; efficiency is inversely proportional to time.

Mensuration: circle πr² and 2πr; cylinder πr²h and 2πrh; cone (1/3)πr²h; sphere (4/3)πr³ and 4πr²; cuboid lbh and 2(lb + bh + hl).

Divisibility: by 3 or 9 from digit sum, by 4 from the last two digits, by 8 from the last three, by 11 from the alternating digit-sum difference; HCF × LCM = product of the numbers.

New average after adding a value = (old sum + value)/(n + 1); arithmetic-series average = (first + last)/2; grouped-data median class holds cumulative frequency n/2.

'One of + plural noun' takes a singular verb; 'each, every, either, neither' are singular; in 'neither … nor' the verb agrees with the nearer subject; intervening phrases do not change the verb.

Articles: 'a' before consonant sounds (a university, a one-rupee coin), 'an' before vowel sounds (an hour, an MLA); 'the' with superlatives, rivers, oceans and mountain ranges; no article for uncountable nouns used generally.

'Since' with a point of time, 'for' with a duration; 'in' for months and years, 'on' for days and dates; 'compare with' for differences, 'compare to' for similarity; 'comprise' takes no 'of'.

Present perfect (has/have + past participle) for a past action with present relevance; past perfect for the earlier of two past actions; second conditional uses past simple after 'if' with 'would' in the main clause.

Incorrect constructions to reject: 'discuss about', 'return back', 'more better', 'one of my friend', 'each of the boys were', and misplaced 'only'.

Vocabulary by roots: bene- (good), mal- (bad), circum- (around), -cide (killing), -logy (study); group one-word substitutions by theme (person, place, fear of, killing of) rather than alphabetically.

Cloze and comprehension: read once for gist, then answer only from stated information; cloze items usually test collocation and grammatical fit rather than meaning alone.

Idioms: 'a bolt from the blue' = sudden shock; 'burn the midnight oil' = work late; 'beat about the bush' = avoid the main point; 'a white elephant' = costly but useless possession.

Safe storage moisture is roughly 12–14% for cereals (wheat and rice near 12–13%), 7–9% for oilseeds and 9–10% for pulses; above this, mould growth and heating become likely.

Equilibrium moisture content depends on grain, temperature and relative humidity; at constant humidity, warmer grain holds less moisture, so aeration that cools grain also reduces mould risk.

Grain and microorganism respiration consumes dry matter and releases heat and moisture; trapped heat creates a self-propagating hot spot, so cooling by aeration is the first control measure.

Storage options: bag storage in godowns, bulk storage in silos, traditional mud bins, Bukhari and Kothar, and hermetic or controlled-atmosphere storage that lowers oxygen to suppress insects.

Phosphine fumigation uses aluminium phosphide tablets that release PH₃; it needs a gas-tight enclosure and a safety interval, works poorly below about 15 °C, and faces insect resistance.

Quality tests: oven or meter moisture determination, bulk density (test weight), foreign matter, broken and damaged grains, and germination percentage for seed lots, against BIS and marketing inspection standards.

Warehouse practice: FIFO/FEFO rotation, dunnage to keep bags off the floor and away from walls, controlled stack height, periodic stock verification, and recorded temperature, humidity and pest data.

Post-harvest losses occur at threshing, drying, handling, transport and storage; drying to safe moisture before bagging, cleaning, rodent-proofing and correct stacking cut losses most.

Stress σ = force/area (Pa); strain ε = change in length/original length (dimensionless); Young's modulus E = σ/ε in the elastic region; Poisson's ratio = lateral strain/longitudinal strain, about 0.3 for steel.

Mechanical advantage = load/effort; velocity ratio = effort distance/load distance; efficiency = MA/VR × 100%; for a screw jack, VR = 2πL/pitch.

Belt velocity ratio = driven pulley diameter/driver diameter; gear ratio = driven teeth/driver teeth; power = 2πNT/60 for torque T in N·m and speed N in rpm.

Pressure = force/area; hydrostatic pressure = ρgh; continuity gives Q = area × velocity; Bernoulli's equation relates pressure, velocity and elevation along a streamline.

Sensible heat Q = mcΔT; latent heat Q = mL; 1 kcal = 4.186 kJ; one refrigeration ton = 3.517 kW; COP = refrigerating effect/work input.

Ohm's law V = IR; P = VI = I²R = V²/R; series resistances add, parallel conductances add; single-phase power = VI cos φ, three-phase = √3 VI cos φ.

Vernier least count = 1 main-scale division − 1 vernier division (typically 0.02 mm); micrometer least count = pitch/circular-scale divisions (typically 0.01 mm); first-angle projection puts the view on the far side.

Material properties: ductility allows drawing into wire, malleability allows hammering into sheet, toughness resists shock, hardness resists indentation, and fatigue is failure under repeated cyclic stress.

Safe working load = breaking load/safety factor; never exceed rated capacity, keep the load centred under the hook, and confirm the hook latch is closed.

Sling leg tension rises with the included angle: at 60° to the horizontal each leg carries about 0.58 of the load, at 45° about 0.71, and at 30° the full load.

Forklift operation: carry the load low with the mast tilted back, forks trailing when unladen, sound the horn at blind corners, never carry passengers, and respect the load-centre distance on the data plate.

Equipment choice: conveyors for continuous fixed-route flow, cranes and hoists for vertical and short horizontal moves, pallet trucks and stackers for palletised loads, bucket elevators for vertical grain movement.

Dust explosions need combustible dust, oxygen, an ignition source and dispersion; control by enclosure, dust extraction, earthing and excluding naked flames; never walk on bridged grain in a bin.

PPE: helmet, toe-capped safety shoes, high-visibility vest, gloves and hearing protection; respiratory protection for dust, and gas masks for phosphine fumigation.

Fire and electrical safety: CO₂ for electrical fires, foam or water for Class A, dry powder as general-purpose; isolate before maintenance and apply lock-out/tag-out.

Manual handling: keep the load close to the body, bend the knees not the back, avoid twisting while lifting, and use team lifting or mechanical aids above a safe single-person limit.

Coding-decoding: test uniform shift, alternating shift, and reverse alphabet (A↔Z = 27 − position); for numeric codes check digit sums and products before assuming a letter shift.

Blood relations: draw a tree with vertical lines for parent-child and horizontal for spouse/sibling; 'only daughter of my mother's only child' resolves to a niece when the speaker is male.

Direction sense: sketch the path on a compass; final displacement = √(net N-S² + net E-W²); right turn = 90° clockwise, left turn = 90° counter-clockwise.

Number series: test differences, ratios, squares/cubes ± constant, then interleaved alternating series; convert letter series to numbers before applying the same checks.

Syllogism: 'some A are B' plus 'all B are C' yields 'some A are C'; two particular premises give no universal conclusion; accept a conclusion only if true in every Venn arrangement.

Circular seating: facing the centre, left is clockwise and right is counter-clockwise; facing outward the directions reverse; in a linear row, left and right flip for people facing the opposite way.

Odd-one-out: classify by number property (prime, square, cube, digit sum) or spelling feature (double letters, vowel position) before falling back on meaning.

Analogy types: part-whole, cause-effect, worker-tool, synonym-antonym and degree relationships; identify the relation in the first pair and apply exactly that relation to the second.

The Constitution was adopted 26 November 1949 and came into force 26 January 1950; the 42nd Amendment (1976) added 'socialist', 'secular' and 'integrity' to the Preamble.

Fundamental Rights are in Part III (Articles 12–35); the Right to Education (Article 21A) came by the 86th Amendment (2002); the Right to Property was removed from Fundamental Rights by the 44th Amendment (1978).

Institution dates: Reserve Bank of India 1935 (nationalised 1949), NABARD 1982 as apex rural-credit refinance body, Food Corporation of India 1965, SEBI statutory in 1992.

India leads the world in milk, pulses and spices and ranks second in rice, wheat, sugarcane and cotton; the Green Revolution is linked to M. S. Swaminathan and Norman Borlaug's wheat varieties.

Chandrayaan-3 soft-landed near the lunar south pole in August 2023; PSLV is ISRO's workhorse launcher; BrahMos is a supersonic cruise missile developed jointly with Russia.

The Tropic of Cancer crosses eight Indian states; the Sundarbans is the world's largest mangrove forest; the Deccan Plateau lies between the Western and Eastern Ghats.

Observance days: National Science Day 28 February, World Food Day 16 October, Kisan Diwas 23 December; Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian award.

Flagship schemes are frequently renamed or merged, so verify the current title and sponsoring ministry rather than relying on an older name.

Profit% = (SP − CP)/CP × 100; successive changes a% then b% give net a + b + ab/100; if price rises r%, consumption must fall 100r/(100 + r)% to keep expenditure unchanged.

SI = PRT/100; CI = P(1 + R/100)^T − P; the two-year gap CI − SI = P(R/100)²; half-yearly compounding halves the rate and doubles the periods.

Alligation gives the mixing ratio (mean − cheaper) : (dearer − mean); repeated draw-and-replace of x litres from volume V, n times, leaves V(1 − x/V)^n of the original liquid.

Average speed over equal distances = 2xy/(x + y); a train of length L crossing a platform P at speed v takes (L + P)/v; relative speed adds for opposite directions and subtracts for the same direction.

Work: if A takes a days and B takes b days, together they take ab/(a + b) days; use the LCM of the days as total work to make rates whole numbers; efficiency is inversely proportional to time.

Mensuration: circle πr² and 2πr; cylinder πr²h and 2πrh; cone (1/3)πr²h; sphere (4/3)πr³ and 4πr²; cuboid lbh and 2(lb + bh + hl).

Divisibility: by 3 or 9 from digit sum, by 4 from the last two digits, by 8 from the last three, by 11 from the alternating digit-sum difference; HCF × LCM = product of the two numbers.

New average after adding a value = (old sum + value)/(n + 1); arithmetic-series average = (first + last)/2; in grouped data the median class contains cumulative frequency n/2.

'One of + plural noun' takes a singular verb; 'each, every, either, neither' are singular; in 'neither … nor' the verb agrees with the nearer subject; intervening phrases do not change the verb.

Articles: 'a' before consonant sounds (a university, a one-rupee coin), 'an' before vowel sounds (an hour, an MLA); 'the' with superlatives, rivers, oceans and mountain ranges; no article for uncountable nouns used generally.

'Since' with a point of time, 'for' with a duration; 'in' for months and years, 'on' for days and dates; 'compare with' for differences, 'compare to' for similarity; 'comprise' takes no 'of'.

Present perfect (has/have + past participle) for a past action with present relevance; past perfect for the earlier of two past actions; the second conditional uses past simple after 'if' with 'would' in the main clause.

Reject these constructions: 'discuss about', 'return back', 'more better', 'one of my friend', 'each of the boys were', and misplaced 'only'.

Vocabulary by roots: bene- (good), mal- (bad), circum- (around), -cide (killing), -logy (study); group one-word substitutions by theme (person, place, fear of, killing of) rather than alphabetically.

Cloze and comprehension: read once for gist, then answer only from stated information; cloze items usually test collocation and grammatical fit rather than meaning alone.

Idioms: 'a bolt from the blue' = sudden shock; 'burn the midnight oil' = work late; 'beat about the bush' = avoid the main point; 'a white elephant' = costly but useless possession.

Safe storage moisture is roughly 12–14% for cereals (wheat and rice near 12–13%), 7–9% for oilseeds and 9–10% for pulses; above these levels mould growth and heating become likely.

Equilibrium moisture content depends on grain, temperature and relative humidity; at constant humidity warmer grain holds less moisture, so aeration that cools grain also lowers mould risk.

Grain and microorganism respiration consumes dry matter and releases heat and moisture; trapped heat creates a self-propagating hot spot, so cooling by aeration is the first control measure.

Storage options: bag storage in godowns, bulk storage in silos, traditional mud bins, Bukhari and Kothar, and hermetic or controlled-atmosphere storage that lowers oxygen to suppress insects.

Phosphine fumigation uses aluminium phosphide tablets that release PH₃; it needs a gas-tight enclosure and a safety interval, works poorly below about 15 °C, and faces insect resistance.

Quality tests: oven or meter moisture determination, bulk density (test weight), foreign matter, broken and damaged grains, and germination percentage for seed lots, judged against BIS and marketing inspection standards.

Warehouse practice: FIFO/FEFO rotation, dunnage to keep bags off the floor and away from walls, controlled stack height, periodic stock verification, and recorded temperature, humidity and pest data.

Post-harvest losses occur at threshing, drying, handling, transport and storage; drying to safe moisture before bagging, cleaning, rodent-proofing and correct stacking cut losses most.

Stress σ = force/area (Pa); strain ε = change in length/original length (dimensionless); Young's modulus E = σ/ε in the elastic region; Poisson's ratio = lateral strain/longitudinal strain, about 0.3 for steel.

Mechanical advantage = load/effort; velocity ratio = effort distance/load distance; efficiency = MA/VR × 100%; for a screw jack, VR = 2πL/pitch.

Belt velocity ratio = driven pulley diameter/driver diameter; gear ratio = driven teeth/driver teeth; power = 2πNT/60 for torque T in N·m and speed N in rpm.

Pressure = force/area; hydrostatic pressure = ρgh; continuity gives Q = area × velocity; Bernoulli's equation relates pressure, velocity and elevation along a streamline.

Sensible heat Q = mcΔT; latent heat Q = mL; 1 kcal = 4.186 kJ; one refrigeration ton = 3.517 kW; COP = refrigerating effect/work input.

Ohm's law V = IR; P = VI = I²R = V²/R; series resistances add, parallel conductances add; single-phase power = VI cos φ, three-phase = √3 VI cos φ.

Vernier least count = 1 main-scale division − 1 vernier division (typically 0.02 mm); micrometer least count = pitch/circular-scale divisions (typically 0.01 mm); first-angle projection places the view on the far side.

Material properties: ductility allows drawing into wire, malleability allows hammering into sheet, toughness resists shock, hardness resists indentation, and fatigue is failure under repeated cyclic stress.

Safe working load = breaking load/safety factor; never exceed rated capacity, keep the load centred under the hook, and confirm the hook latch is closed.

Sling leg tension rises with the included angle: at 60° to the horizontal each leg carries about 0.58 of the load, at 45° about 0.71, and at 30° the full load.

Forklift operation: carry the load low with the mast tilted back, forks trailing when unladen, sound the horn at blind corners, never carry passengers, and respect the load-centre distance on the data plate.

Equipment choice: conveyors for continuous fixed-route flow, cranes and hoists for vertical and short horizontal moves, pallet trucks and stackers for palletised loads, bucket elevators for vertical grain movement.

Dust explosions need combustible dust, oxygen, an ignition source and dispersion; control by enclosure, dust extraction, earthing and excluding naked flames; never walk on bridged grain in a bin.

PPE: helmet, toe-capped safety shoes, high-visibility vest, gloves and hearing protection; respiratory protection for dust, and gas masks for phosphine fumigation.

Fire and electrical safety: CO₂ for electrical fires, foam or water for Class A, dry powder as general-purpose; isolate before maintenance and apply lock-out/tag-out.

Manual handling: keep the load close to the body, bend the knees not the back, avoid twisting while lifting, and use team lifting or mechanical aids above a safe single-person limit.