Delhi Police Constable key terms

Basic freedoms guaranteed to citizens by Part III of the Indian Constitution, such as equality, speech, and life. They are enforceable in court through writs, unlike non-justiciable Directive Principles.

Guidelines in Part IV of the Constitution directing governments to promote welfare, such as reducing inequality and protecting the environment. They are not enforceable in courts but are fundamental in governance.

Constitutional provision stating that no person shall be deprived of life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law. Courts have read into it rights to dignity, privacy, and a clean environment.

A formal application to a High Court or the Supreme Court asking it to enforce fundamental rights or correct unlawful action by authorities. Common writs include habeas corpus, mandamus, certiorari, prohibition, and quo warranto.

The opening statement of the Indian Constitution declaring the source of authority as the people and describing India as sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic, and republic. It lists justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity as objectives.

Abbreviation for Directive Principles of State Policy, the welfare goals in Part IV of the Constitution. They guide law-making and policy but cannot be directly enforced in a court of law.

The system of local self-government in rural India established under the 73rd Constitutional Amendment, with three tiers: gram panchayat, panchayat samiti, and zila parishad. It reserves seats for women and Scheduled Castes and Tribes.

An indirect tax levied on the supply of goods and services across India, introduced in 2017 to replace multiple taxes. It is a destination-based value-added tax shared between the Centre and states.

The interest rate at which the Reserve Bank of India lends short-term funds to commercial banks against securities. Raising it typically reduces liquidity and inflation, while cutting it encourages borrowing and growth.

Eleven moral obligations listed in Article 51A of the Constitution, added by the 42nd Amendment, such as respecting the Constitution, the national flag, and the environment. They are not enforceable by courts.

A form of logical reasoning in which two or more premises are given and a conclusion must be tested for validity. Candidates check whether conclusions follow necessarily from the statements, ignoring real-world knowledge.

A diagram using overlapping circles to show relationships between sets or categories. In reasoning questions it helps test whether given conclusions about groups logically follow from the statements.

A reasoning question that presents a pair of related items and asks for a second pair with the same relationship. The relationship may involve meaning, function, part-to-whole, or classification.

A reasoning task in which four or more items are given and the candidate identifies the one that does not share the common property of the others. It tests observation of categories and attributes.

A reasoning topic where words or numbers are written in a coded form according to a rule, and the candidate must decode given messages or encode new ones using that same rule.

A reasoning question in which a sequence of letters, numbers, or figures follows a pattern and the candidate must supply the missing or next term. Patterns may involve addition, multiplication, or alternating rules.

Reasoning questions that describe family relationships in words and ask how two people are related. Candidates often draw a family tree, marking gender and generation to avoid confusion.

A reasoning topic involving movement in the four cardinal or four intermediate directions, requiring the candidate to find final position, distance, or facing direction. Drawing a rough map helps.

A puzzle where people are placed in a row or around a circle and clues about their positions must be combined to determine the full arrangement. It tests logical deduction and spatial organisation.

Reasoning questions about the angle between clock hands, the day of the week on a given date, or the repetition of calendar dates. They rely on fixed rules such as 30 degrees per hour on a clock face.

A fraction expressed out of one hundred, used to compare quantities and compute increases, decreases, profit, loss, and interest. A 20 percent increase means adding one-fifth of the original value.

A ratio compares two quantities of the same kind, while a proportion states that two ratios are equal. These concepts are used in partnership, mixture, and scale problems.

The sum of a set of values divided by the number of values. It is used to find combined averages, replacement effects, and missing values in numerical ability questions.

Interest calculated only on the original principal for the whole period, using the formula principal multiplied by rate multiplied by time divided by one hundred. It does not compound.

Interest calculated on both the principal and previously earned interest, so the amount grows faster than with simple interest. It is found using the formula principal times one plus rate over one hundred, raised to the number of years.

A numerical topic based on the relation that distance equals speed multiplied by time. It covers relative speed, trains crossing objects, and average speed for journeys at different speeds.

Problems where the time taken by individuals or groups to finish a task is given, and the candidate finds combined or remaining work. Work done in one day is the reciprocal of the days taken.

The lowest common multiple is the smallest number divisible by each given number, and the highest common factor is the largest number dividing each. Their product equals the product of the two numbers.

System software that manages hardware, memory, files, and programs, and provides a user interface. Examples include Windows, Linux, and Android; it acts as an intermediary between the user and the machine.

RAM is volatile working memory that holds data and programs while the computer runs, losing contents on power-off. ROM is non-volatile memory that stores permanent startup instructions such as the BIOS.

Input devices such as keyboard, mouse, and scanner send data into a computer, while output devices such as monitor, printer, and speaker present results. Some devices, like touchscreens, perform both functions.

A malicious program that attaches itself to files or programs and spreads when they are run, often damaging data. Antivirus software and avoiding unknown downloads help prevent infection.

A hardware or software barrier that monitors and filters network traffic according to security rules. It blocks unauthorised access to a computer or network while allowing approved communication.

A unique numerical label assigned to each device on a network so data can be routed to it. Common formats are IPv4, four numbers separated by dots, and IPv6.

A system of linked documents and pages accessed over the internet through browsers using HTTP and HTTPS. It is a service running on the internet, not the internet itself.

दो वर्णों के मेल से उत्पन्न परिवर्तन को संधि कहते हैं, जैसे विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय। हिंदी व्याकरण में स्वर संधि, व्यंजन संधि और विसर्ग संधि इसके प्रमुख भेद हैं।

दो या अधिक शब्दों के मेल से बने संक्षिप्त पद को समास कहते हैं, जैसे राजपुत्र = राजा का पुत्र। तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारय, द्वंद्व, बहुव्रीहि, अव्ययीभाव और द्विगु इसके भेद हैं।

उपसर्ग शब्द के आरंभ में जुड़कर अर्थ बदलता है, जैसे प्र + हार = प्रहार। प्रत्यय शब्द के अंत में जुड़ता है, जैसे लड़क + पन = लड़कपन।

वे शब्द जिनका अर्थ समान या लगभग समान होता है, पर्यायवाची कहलाते हैं, जैसे जल, पानी, नीर और वारि। प्रश्नों में किसी शब्द का भिन्न अर्थ वाला सही विकल्प चुनना होता है।

विपरीत अर्थ बताने वाले शब्द विलोम या विपरीतार्थक कहलाते हैं, जैसे दिन का विलोम रात और उचित का विलोम अनुचित। परीक्षा में दिए शब्द का सही विपरीत चुनना होता है।

ऐसा वाक्यांश जो अपने शब्दों के सामान्य अर्थ से भिन्न लाक्षणिक अर्थ देता है, मुहावरा कहलाता है, जैसे आँखों में धूल झोंकना का अर्थ धोखा देना है।

जनसमाज में प्रचलित पूर्ण वाक्य के रूप में कही गई उक्ति लोकोक्ति या कहावत कहलाती है, जैसे अंधों में काना राजा। इसमें पूरा वाक्य ही लाक्षणिक अर्थ देता है।