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The Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution on 26 November 1949, a date now observed as Constitution Day. The document came into force on 26 January 1950, which is celebrated as Republic Day. 15 August 1947 marks independence, while 9 December 1946 was the Assembly's first sitting.
Article 17 abolishes untouchability and forbids its practice in any form, and the Protection of Civil Rights Act 1955 gives it teeth. Article 14 guarantees equality before the law, and Article 15 prohibits discrimination on listed grounds. Article 21 protects life and personal liberty.
The President is the constitutional head of the Union; executive power of the Union is vested in the President and exercised on the advice of the Council of Ministers. The Prime Minister heads the real executive, while the Chief Justice heads the judiciary and the Speaker presides over the Lok Sabha.
The Election Commission of India, a constitutional body under Article 324, superintends and controls elections to Parliament, State legislatures, and the offices of President and Vice-President. NITI Aayog is a policy think tank, UPSC handles recruitment to civil services, and the CAG audits public accounts.
The Tropic of Cancer crosses eight Indian states, and Rajasthan is among them, passing near Banswara in its southern part. Kerala and Tamil Nadu lie entirely south of the Tropic, and Punjab lies entirely north of it.
The Kosi is called the Sorrow of Bihar because it shifts course frequently and floods large parts of north Bihar. The Damodar is known as the Sorrow of Bengal, while the Son and Gandak are tributaries of the Ganga without that nickname.
The liver is the largest gland in the human body, weighing roughly 1.5 kg in adults, and it secretes bile. The pancreas is a mixed gland but much smaller, the thyroid is in the neck, and the pituitary is a pea-sized gland at the base of the brain.
Chandragupta Maurya founded the Maurya Empire around 321 BCE with the help of Chanakya, overthrowing the Nanda dynasty. Ashoka and Bindusara were later Mauryan rulers, while Bimbisara belonged to the Haryanka dynasty of Magadha.
The Battle of Plassey was fought in 1757, when the English East India Company under Robert Clive defeated Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal. 1764 marks the Battle of Buxar, 1857 the Revolt, and 1707 the death of Aurangzeb.
The 61st Constitutional Amendment Act, 1988, reduced the voting age from 21 to 18 years by amending Article 326, and it took effect in 1989. The 42nd and 44th Amendments dealt with other changes, and the 73rd Amendment concerned Panchayati Raj.
The Eighth Schedule lists the languages recognised by the Constitution, and Article 344 provides for a Commission and Committee of Parliament on official language. The Sixth Schedule deals with tribal areas, the Seventh divides powers between the Union and States, and the Ninth contains laws shielded from judicial review.
Under Article 117, a money bill can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha and only on the recommendation of the President. The Speaker certifies whether a bill is a money bill, but does not recommend its introduction, and the Vice-President has no role in this.
Mandamus literally means 'we command' and is issued to compel a public authority to perform a legal duty it has failed to perform. Habeas Corpus secures release from unlawful detention, Certiorari quashes a lower court's order, and Quo Warranto questions a person's authority to hold public office.
The Western Ghats are called the Sahyadri in Maharashtra and Karnataka. The Aravalli and Vindhya ranges lie in central and western India, and the Nilgiris are a southern part of the Western Ghats rather than another name for the whole range.
Black soil, also called regur or black cotton soil, retains moisture well and is rich in iron, lime and magnesia, making it ideal for cotton. Laterite soil suits tea and cashew, alluvial soil suits rice and wheat, and desert soil is sandy and poor in humus.
Scurvy results from a deficiency of Vitamin C, also called ascorbic acid, and causes bleeding gums and poor wound healing. Vitamin A deficiency causes night blindness, B12 deficiency causes pernicious anaemia, and Vitamin D deficiency causes rickets.
Jawaharlal Nehru wrote 'The Discovery of India' while imprisoned at Ahmednagar Fort during 1942 to 1946. Gandhi's autobiography is 'My Experiments with Truth', Tagore wrote 'Gitanjali', and Bose wrote works such as 'The Indian Struggle'.
The Rowlatt Act allowed the government to arrest and detain persons suspected of sedition without trial, which triggered nationwide protests and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. Separate electorates came through the Morley-Minto reforms, and zamindari abolition and dominion status were unrelated demands.
Nanda Devi in Uttarakhand is the highest peak lying entirely within India. Kanchenjunga lies on the India-Nepal border, K2 is in Pakistan-occupied territory, and Nanga Parbat lies in Pakistan.
The 73rd Amendment Act, 1992, inserted Part IX and the Eleventh Schedule, giving constitutional status to Panchayati Raj institutions. The 74th Amendment did the same for urban local bodies, the 52nd dealt with anti-defection, and the 86th concerned education.
In Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973), the Supreme Court held that Parliament can amend the Constitution but cannot destroy its basic structure. Golaknath and Shankari Prasad dealt with the amendability of fundamental rights, and Maneka Gandhi expanded Article 21.
Article 280 provides for a Finance Commission constituted every five years to recommend the distribution of taxes between the Union and States. Article 263 covers inter-state councils, Article 324 the Election Commission, and Article 356 President's Rule.
Chandragupta I established the Gupta Empire, his son Samudragupta expanded it through conquests, and Chandragupta II, also called Vikramaditya, succeeded him. This order is confirmed by the Allahabad Pillar inscription and coins.
Article 22 protects persons arrested or detained and requires that they be informed of the grounds of arrest and allowed to consult a lawyer. Article 19 covers freedoms such as speech and movement, Article 20 protects against ex-post-facto laws and double jeopardy, and Article 25 protects religious freedom.
The Constitution borrows federal features such as a written Constitution and division of powers but tilts towards the Centre through residuary powers under Article 248, appointment of Governors, and emergency provisions. This centralising tilt makes it quasi-federal. A single citizenship and bicameralism alone do not explain the label.
Article 324 of the Constitution establishes the Election Commission of India and vests it with the superintendence, direction and control of elections to Parliament, State legislatures, the office of President and the office of Vice-President. It functions as an independent constitutional authority. The other bodies listed perform planning, recruitment or audit functions, not election management.
The Tropic of Cancer at roughly 23.5 degrees north latitude crosses India through Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram. Rajasthan lies on this line, near its southern districts. Kerala, Punjab and Karnataka lie entirely north or south of it.
Insulin is secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans located in the pancreas. It lowers blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake and storage of glucose. Deficiency or ineffectiveness of insulin leads to diabetes mellitus. The liver, kidney and spleen do not produce insulin.
Gopal Krishna Gokhale founded the Servants of India Society in Pune in 1905 to train dedicated public workers for social reform and national service. Gokhale was a moderate leader who favoured constitutional methods and mentored Mahatma Gandhi. The other leaders named were associated with the Extremist wing or other organisations.
The Reserve Bank of India began operations on 1 April 1935 under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934, initially as a shareholders' bank. It was nationalised in 1949, the year the Banking Regulation Act also came into force. Its establishment preceded independence, so 1947 is not the founding year.
The atmosphere is layered by temperature behaviour: the troposphere lies nearest the surface, followed by the stratosphere containing the ozone layer, then the mesosphere where meteors burn up, and finally the thermosphere. The troposphere holds most weather phenomena and the stratosphere warms with height. Any sequence that places the stratosphere or mesosphere out of order is incorrect.
Fundamental Duties were inserted by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee, which had suggested a set of citizen obligations. They were placed in Article 51A of Part IVA. A further duty on education for children was added by the 86th Amendment in 2002.
Kathakali is a classical dance-drama tradition of Kerala, known for elaborate makeup, costumes and mime. The other classical forms have different homes: Bharatanatyam belongs to Tamil Nadu, Kuchipudi to Andhra Pradesh and Sattriya to Assam. Matching each form to its correct state is the key to this question.
Sucheta Kripalani became Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh in 1963, making her the first woman to head an Indian state government. Indira Gandhi became Prime Minister in 1966, but that is a Union office. Sarojini Naidu and Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit held governorships and diplomatic posts rather than a chief ministership.
Baking soda is sodium bicarbonate, formula NaHCO3, a mild base that releases carbon dioxide when heated or treated with acid, which makes dough rise. Sodium carbonate is washing soda, calcium carbonate is limestone or chalk, and sodium chloride is common salt. Each has distinct properties and household uses.
The State Bank of India is the largest public sector bank in India in terms of assets, branches and deposits, tracing its lineage to the Imperial Bank of India, which was nationalised in 1955. It has absorbed associate banks and other entities over time. The other banks named are large but smaller than SBI.
The classical ashrama scheme moves from student life (brahmacharya) to householder duties (grihastha), then to gradual withdrawal (vanaprastha) and finally to renunciation (sannyasa). This order reflects stages of duty and detachment across a lifetime. Sequences that place the householder stage before studentship or renunciation before withdrawal are incorrect.
In the first-past-the-post system, the candidate with the highest number of valid votes wins, even without an absolute majority, and the margin over the runner-up is simply the difference in votes. India uses this method for Lok Sabha and Assembly elections. Proportional representation with a single transferable vote is used for President and Vice-President elections and for Rajya Sabha seats.
Section 9 of the Citizenship Act, 1955 provides that a citizen of India who voluntarily acquires the citizenship of another country ceases to be a citizen of India. The mode by which Indian citizenship was originally obtained, such as birth, does not protect against this rule. There is no provision for suspension or for retention merely by informing the police.
Entry 46 of the State List empowers states to impose taxes on agricultural income, while Entry 82 of the Union List allows the Union to tax income other than agricultural income. This division lets states raise revenue from agriculture and prevents double taxation of the same base. The Finance Commission recommends revenue sharing but does not authorise state taxation.
Each letter of the word moves one step forward in the English alphabet: D→E, E→F, and so on. Applying the same shift to POLICE gives Q, P, M, J, D, F in order.
The only son of Ravi's mother is Ravi himself. The daughter of Ravi is therefore his own daughter, so the girl in the photograph is Ravi's daughter.
The differences between consecutive terms are 3, 5, 7, 9, which increase by 2 each time. The next difference should be 11, and 27 + 11 = 38.
The whole compass is rotated by 135 degrees anticlockwise, since South-East turning into North is a 135-degree turn. Applying the same 135-degree anticlockwise rotation to West lands on South-East.
EXAMINATION contains one E, but NOMINATE requires two E letters, so it cannot be built from the given letters. The other three words use only letters available in sufficient quantity.
A constable is posted at and works from a police station, so the pair links a person to the place of duty. A soldier similarly works from and lives at barracks, making that the matching relationship.
With C at the right end and D not next to C, E must sit between A and D, placing E at the left end followed by A, D, B and C. Therefore E occupies the extreme left position.
The numbers 121, 144 and 169 are perfect squares (11 squared, 12 squared and 13 squared). The number 180 is not a perfect square, so it is the odd one out.
From 15 August to 2 October there are 48 days (16 remaining days of August plus 30 in September plus 2 in October). Since 48 divided by 7 leaves a remainder of 6, counting six days forward from Wednesday gives Monday.
Walking 5 km north, then 3 km east, then 5 km south cancels the northward movement. He ends up 3 km to the east of the starting point.