DFCCIL MTS cheat sheet

DFCCIL (Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India Ltd) is a PSU under the Ministry of Railways, incorporated in 2006 under the Companies Act 1956.

India has two sanctioned freight corridors: the Eastern DFC (Ludhiana–Sonnagar, ~1,337 km) and the Western DFC (Dadri–JNPT, ~1,504 km); the Western DFC was the first to be fully commissioned.

The World Bank funded the Eastern DFC; JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) funded the Western DFC.

Constitution: Article 1 names India as a Union of States; Article 12 defines 'State'; Article 21 guarantees life and personal liberty; Article 32 is the right to constitutional remedies.

Fundamental Rights are in Part III (Articles 12–35); Directive Principles in Part IV (Articles 36–51); Fundamental Duties in Part IVA (Article 51A, added by the 42nd Amendment, 1976).

RBI was nationalised in 1949 and is headquartered in Mumbai; it issues currency, controls monetary policy, and regulates banks.

Static geography anchors: Tropic of Cancer passes through 8 states; the Sundarbans is the world's largest mangrove forest; the Deccan Plateau is bounded by the Western and Eastern Ghats.

Current-affairs anchors for DFCCIL exams: Union Budget, Railway Budget merged with Union Budget in 2017, new Vande Bharat and freight-stock launches, and DFCCIL corridor milestones.

Letter positions: A=1 … Z=26. Opposite pairs sum to 27 (A–Z, B–Y, C–X, … M–N), useful for coding-decoding.

Number-series decision rule: check the difference sequence first; if differences are constant it is arithmetic, if ratios are constant it is geometric, if differences grow it is a square/cube/prime pattern.

Coding-decoding: test shift-by-constant, then reversal, then position-sum/product; write the alphabet with indices above the word to spot the rule.

Blood relations: draw a family tree; use '+' for male, '−' for female, horizontal line for siblings, vertical for parent-child; 'only son of my mother' = the speaker himself (if male).

Direction sense: use a coordinate grid; North = +y, South = −y, East = +x, West = −x; final displacement = √(x²+y²).

Syllogism: draw Venn diagrams for each premise; a conclusion is valid only if it holds in every diagram consistent with the premises.

Series/analogy: for letter series, check gaps between positions; for number analogy, test ×n, +n, n², and reverse-digit relations.

Seating arrangement: fix the most-constrained person first, then place others relative to that anchor; circular arrangements reverse the left/right convention.

Percentage change: increase = (new − old)/old × 100; successive changes of a% then b% give net change = a + b + ab/100.

Profit/Loss: profit% = (SP − CP)/CP × 100; SP = CP × (100 + profit%)/100; discount% = (MP − SP)/MP × 100.

Simple interest SI = PRT/100; compound interest CI = P(1 + R/100)^T − P; for 2 years CI − SI = P(R/100)².

Speed: Distance = Speed × Time; km/h → m/s multiply by 5/18; m/s → km/h multiply by 18/5.

Average = sum of observations / number of observations; weighted average = Σwx / Σw.

Time & Work: if A finishes in x days and B in y days, together they finish in xy/(x+y) days; use LCM of days as total work units.

Ratio & Proportion: if a:b = c:d then ad = bc; for partnership, profit shares are proportional to capital × time.

Mensuration: area of circle = πr²; circumference = 2πr; volume of cylinder = πr²h; volume of sphere = (4/3)πr³; area of triangle = ½ × base × height.

Number system: HCF × LCM = product of two numbers; divisibility by 3 and 9 depends on digit sum; by 11 on alternating digit-sum difference.

English articles: 'a' before consonant sounds, 'an' before vowel sounds, 'the' for specific or unique nouns; use 'an' before 'hour', 'honest', 'MBA' (em-em-bee).

Subject-verb agreement: singular subject takes singular verb; 'each, every, either, neither, everyone' are singular; 'none, some, all' follow the noun they refer to.

Tenses: present perfect uses 'has/have + past participle' for completed action with present relevance; past perfect uses 'had + past participle' for the earlier of two past actions.

Active/Passive: shift object to subject, use 'be + past participle', and add 'by' + agent; tense of the auxiliary must match the original.

Direct/Indirect speech: change pronouns to match the reporter, shift tense one step back, and change time words (now → then, today → that day, tomorrow → the next day).

Common error traps: 'one of the + plural noun + singular verb'; 'the number of + plural noun + singular verb'; 'a number of + plural noun + plural verb'.

Hindi व्याकरण: संज्ञा के भेद - व्यक्तिवाचक, जातिवाचक, भाववाचक; सर्वनाम के भेद - पुरुषवाचक, निजवाचक, संबंधवाचक, प्रश्नवाचक, अनिश्चयवाचक, निश्चयवाचक।

हिंदी काल: वर्तमान, भूतकाल, भविष्यत्; क्रिया के भेद - सकर्मक और अकर्मक; वाच्य - कर्तृवाच्य, कर्मवाच्य, भाववाच्य।

हिंदी संधि: स्वर संधि (दीर्घ, गुण, वृद्धि, यण, अयादि), व्यंजन संधि, विसर्ग संधि; उदाहरण - विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय (दीर्घ संधि)।