DSSSB AE key terms

Basic freedoms guaranteed to citizens under Part III of the Indian Constitution, enforceable through writs in the Supreme Court and High Courts. They cover equality, speech, life and personal liberty, and protection against exploitation.

Guidelines in Part IV of the Indian Constitution directing the state toward social and economic welfare. They are not enforceable in courts but are fundamental in governance and inform policy and legislation.

A formal application asking a High Court or the Supreme Court to issue a constitutional remedy such as habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, certiorari, or quo warranto for protecting rights or correcting authority.

The three-tier system of local self-government in rural India, established under the 73rd Constitutional Amendment, comprising village, block, and district levels with elected bodies and reserved seats.

The 1992 amendment that gave constitutional status to urban local bodies such as municipal corporations, municipal councils, and nagar panchayats, mandating regular elections and devolution of functions.

A destination-based indirect tax on supply of goods and services, introduced in India in 2017, replacing multiple taxes and divided into Central GST, State GST, Integrated GST, and Union Territory GST.

The gap between total government expenditure and total receipts excluding borrowings. It measures how much the government must borrow to meet its spending, expressed as a percentage of GDP.

A region with exceptionally high numbers of endemic species that has lost a large share of its original habitat. India contains parts of four such hotspots, including the Western Ghats and the Eastern Himalayas.

A wetland of international importance designated under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. India has many such sites, which are protected for ecological value, waterfowl habitat, and flood regulation.

A form of deductive reasoning with two premises and a conclusion, tested in exams by asking which conclusions logically follow from given statements, regardless of real-world truth.

A visual technique for solving syllogism and set problems by drawing overlapping circles representing categories, then checking whether a conclusion holds in every possible arrangement of the circles.

A reasoning problem that describes family relationships through statements or a coded diagram and asks the candidate to identify how two persons are related, such as uncle, sister-in-law, or grandfather.

A reasoning topic where words, letters, or numbers are transformed by a rule, and the candidate must apply or discover that rule to encode or decode another item.

A puzzle requiring candidates to place people around a circle or in a row using clues about relative positions, facing directions, and adjacency, then answer questions about the final arrangement.

A reasoning task involving movement along cardinal directions, turns, and distances. Candidates trace the path, often using a rough sketch, to find final direction, shortest distance, or net displacement.

A sequence of numbers following a hidden pattern, such as differences, ratios, squares, or alternating rules. The candidate identifies the logic and finds the missing or wrong term.

The sum of a set of values divided by the number of values. In aptitude problems it is used to find missing values, combined averages of groups, and effects of adding or removing items.

Interest calculated on both the original principal and previously accumulated interest, so the amount grows geometrically. The formula is amount equals principal times one plus rate over periods raised to the number of periods.

Interest computed only on the original principal for the whole period, using principal times rate times time divided by one hundred. It does not compound and grows linearly.

A numerical aptitude topic based on the relation distance equals speed multiplied by time, extended to relative speed, average speed, trains, boats, and circular tracks.

A quantitative concept expressing comparison of two quantities and equality of two ratios. Problems involve dividing amounts, mixing ingredients, and scaling values while keeping proportions constant.

Counting techniques where permutation counts ordered arrangements and combination counts unordered selections. The formulas use factorials and are applied to seating, selection, and arrangement problems.

The numerical measure of how likely an event is, calculated as favourable outcomes divided by total equally likely outcomes. Problems often involve dice, coins, cards, and drawing from bags.

दो वर्णों के मेल से उत्पन्न परिवर्तन को संधि कहते हैं। स्वर संधि, व्यंजन संधि और विसर्ग संधि इसके प्रमुख भेद हैं, जिनका प्रयोग शब्द-निर्माण और संधि-विच्छेद प्रश्नों में होता है।

दो या अधिक शब्दों के मेल से बने संक्षिप्त पद को समास कहते हैं। तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारय, द्विगु, द्वंद्व, बहुव्रीहि और अव्ययीभाव इसके भेद हैं, जिनका समास-विग्रह पूछा जाता है।

वह शब्दांश जो किसी शब्द से पहले जुड़कर उसके अर्थ में परिवर्तन या विशेषता लाता है, जैसे प्र, अनु, वि और निर्। उपसर्ग जोड़कर नए शब्द बनाए जाते हैं।

वह शब्दांश जो किसी शब्द के अंत में जुड़कर नया अर्थ या भाव प्रकट करता है, जैसे कृदंत और तद्धित प्रत्यय। इससे संज्ञा, विशेषण और क्रिया रूप बनते हैं।

ऐसा वाक्यांश जो अपने शब्दों के सामान्य अर्थ से भिन्न लाक्षणिक अर्थ देता है, जैसे आँख का तारा। इसका अर्थ संदर्भ के अनुसार समझा जाता है।

जन-जीवन के अनुभव से बनी सूक्ति या कहावत, जो पूर्ण वाक्य के रूप में प्रयुक्त होकर कोई सामान्य सत्य या सीख व्यक्त करती है।

Two ways of expressing the same action: active voice makes the doer the subject, while passive voice makes the receiver the subject, usually with a form of be plus past participle.

Two ways of reporting speech: direct speech quotes the speaker's exact words in quotation marks, while indirect speech reports the meaning and shifts pronouns, tense, and time references accordingly.

A fixed expression whose meaning cannot be worked out from the individual words, such as break the ice or once in a blue moon. Candidates must learn each idiom's accepted meaning.

A vocabulary question type that asks for a single word replacing a phrase, such as a person who loves books being called a bibliophile. It tests precise lexical knowledge.

A grammar question type where a sentence is divided into parts and the candidate identifies the part containing a grammatical, idiomatic, or usage error, or declares no error.

The grammatical rule that a verb must match its subject in number and person, so a singular subject takes a singular verb and a plural subject takes a plural verb.

A fresh concrete workability test in which a standard cone is filled in layers and lifted, and the vertical settlement of the concrete is measured to indicate consistency.

The mass of water divided by the mass of cement in a concrete mix. It controls strength and durability: a lower ratio generally gives higher strength but reduces workability.

A laboratory test for workability of concrete, especially suitable for dry mixes, that compares the partially compacted density of a sample with its fully compacted density.

The maximum pressure a soil or rock can safely support at the base of a foundation without shear failure or excessive settlement. It governs the size and type of footing.

The resistance of a soil to sliding along internal planes, arising from cohesion and internal friction. It is used in slope stability, retaining wall, and foundation design.

The internal moment at a section of a beam caused by external loads, equal to the algebraic sum of moments of forces on one side of the section. It produces bending stress.

The internal force acting parallel to a cross-section of a beam, equal to the algebraic sum of transverse forces on one side of the section. Its diagram helps locate maximum bending moment.

A location in a beam where the bending moment changes sign, meaning it passes through zero. It is identified from the bending moment diagram and matters in continuous beam design.

A numerical integration method that approximates the area under a curve by dividing it into trapezoids. In surveying it estimates earthwork volume from evenly spaced cross-sectional areas.