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Fundamental Duties were inserted by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, acting on the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee constituted in 1976. They were placed in Part IV-A under Article 51A. A tenth duty was later added by the 86th Amendment in 2002.
Article 312 empowers Parliament to create All India Services, and after the 42nd Amendment it expressly includes an All India Judicial Service. Such a service cannot include a post inferior to a District Judge. Article 315 concerns Public Service Commissions and Article 324 the Election Commission.
The Tropic of Cancer crosses eight Indian States: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram. It does not pass through any Union Territory. This makes it a frequently tested geographical fact.
Indian Standard Time is based on the longitude 82°30'E, which passes near Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh. IST is therefore five and a half hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time. The meridian is a line of longitude, not a city boundary, so proximity is approximate.
Black soil, also called regur or black cotton soil, is formed from weathered lava and is rich in clay minerals that retain moisture. It is famously suited to cotton because of its moisture-retentive character. Alluvial soil is the most extensive soil group in India, but it is not the classic cotton soil.
Qutb-ud-din Aibak founded the Slave or Mamluk Dynasty after Muhammad Ghori's death in 1206, ruling from Lahore and later Delhi. He began construction of the Qutb Minar. Iltutmish was his successor and consolidated the Sultanate.
The Permanent Settlement was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793, fixing land revenue in perpetuity with zamindars as intermediaries. It was first applied in Bengal and Bihar. Warren Hastings had earlier experimented with revenue farming, but the permanent system belongs to Cornwallis.
The Quit India Movement began in August 1942 after the All India Congress Committee passed its resolution in Bombay. Gandhi gave the call 'Do or Die' and urged the British to leave India. The movement led to mass arrests of Congress leaders.
Abhijnanashakuntalam, the story of Shakuntala and Dushyanta, was composed by Kalidasa, the classical Sanskrit poet and dramatist. It is regarded as one of the finest works of Sanskrit literature. Kalidasa also wrote Meghaduta and Raghuvamsha.
Rajaraja Chola I commissioned the Brihadeeswarar Temple, also called the Big Temple, around 1010 CE. It is dedicated to Shiva and is celebrated for its towering vimana. Rajendra Chola I, his son, built the Gangaikonda Cholapuram temple.
Kathakali is a dance-drama tradition of Kerala characterised by large headgear, painted faces and codified mudras. It draws its themes mainly from the Ramayana and Mahabharata. Bharatanatyam belongs to Tamil Nadu and Odissi to Odisha.
At Plassey, Robert Clive defeated Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal, with the help of his disaffected commander Mir Jafar. The victory established Company political power in Bengal. Mir Qasim was installed later and fought at Buxar in 1764.
The Election Commission of India, a constitutional body under Article 324, conducts elections to Parliament, State Legislatures and the offices of President and Vice-President. The Supreme Court only adjudicates disputes arising from those elections. Parliament legislates on electoral matters but does not conduct the polls.
The 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, inserted the words 'socialist' and 'secular' into the Preamble. The words 'sovereign', 'democratic' and 'republic' were present in the original Preamble of 1949. The amendment is thus the source of the socialist descriptor.
Article 40 directs the State to organise village panchayats and endow them with powers to function as units of self-government. Article 44 concerns a uniform civil code, Article 48 agriculture and animal husbandry, and Article 51 international peace and security.
Under Article 155, the Governor of a State is appointed by the President, and under Article 156 holds office during the President's pleasure. In practice the appointment is made on the advice of the Union Council of Ministers. The State Legislature has no role in the appointment.
The liver is the largest gland in the human body, weighing roughly 1.5 kilograms in adults. It secretes bile, stores glycogen and detoxifies harmful substances. The pancreas is a mixed gland but is much smaller, and the thyroid and pituitary are endocrine glands of small size.
Vitamin D is synthesised in the skin when 7-dehydrocholesterol is converted by ultraviolet-B radiation. Its deficiency causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. Vitamins A and K are obtained from diet, and vitamin C must be supplied through food.
Chlorofluorocarbons release chlorine atoms in the stratosphere, and each chlorine atom can destroy many ozone molecules through a catalytic cycle. This led to the Montreal Protocol in 1987 phasing out their production. Carbon dioxide and methane are greenhouse gases rather than the principal ozone-depleting substances.
The Indian Space Research Organisation, headquartered in Bengaluru, is the national space agency responsible for launch vehicles, satellites and missions such as Chandrayaan and Mangalyaan. DRDO works on defence research, CSIR on scientific and industrial research, and BARC on atomic research.
Common table salt is sodium chloride, NaCl, an ionic compound of sodium and chlorine. KCl is potassium chloride, NaHCO3 is sodium bicarbonate, and CaCO3 is calcium carbonate. The formula reflects the one-to-one combination of sodium and chloride ions.
The ohm, symbol Ω, is the SI unit of electrical resistance and is defined as the resistance between two points when one volt produces one ampere. The volt is the unit of potential difference, the ampere of current, and the watt of power.
The code assigns each letter its position in the English alphabet: C=3, A=1, T=20. Applying the same rule, D=4, O=15 and G=7, so DOG becomes 4-15-7. The scheme is a direct alphabet-position substitution with no arithmetic shift.
First convert the speed: 54 km/h equals 54 × 5/18 = 15 m/s. To pass a stationary pole the train must cover its own length, so time = 150 ÷ 15 = 10 seconds. The pole has no length, so only the train's length counts.
Section 7 of the RTI Act requires the Public Information Officer to dispose of a request within 30 days of receipt. Where the information concerns the life or liberty of a person, the limit is 48 hours. If information is supplied by a third party, the period may be extended by up to 40 days.
Article 17 abolishes untouchability and forbids its practice in any form, and the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 gives it teeth. Article 15 prohibits discrimination on grounds such as religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth, which is a broader but distinct guarantee.
Japan's currency is the yen, issued by the Bank of Japan and usually denoted by the symbol ¥. The other names belong to different East and Southeast Asian economies, so only yen fits Japan.
Nanda Devi in Uttarakhand, at about 7,816 metres, is the highest mountain wholly inside India. Kanchenjunga is higher but lies on the India–Nepal border, and K2 lies in Pakistan-administered territory.
The Rowlatt Act empowered the government to arrest and detain persons suspected of sedition without trial, which is why it was nicknamed the 'no dalil, no vakil, no appeal' law. Gandhi's call for a nationwide hartal against it in April 1919 led to the Jallianwala Bagh tragedy.
Each letter is shifted one place forward in the alphabet: R→S, O→P, S→T, E→F. Applying the same rule to LILY gives L→M, I→J, L→M, Y→Z, that is MJMZ.
Lord Dalhousie (1848–1856) applied the Doctrine of Lapse to annex states such as Satara, Jhansi and Nagpur when the ruler died without a natural heir. The policy became one of the grievances behind the Revolt of 1857.
The 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, inserted Part IVA containing ten Fundamental Duties, acting on the Swaran Singh Committee's recommendation; an eleventh duty was added by the 86th Amendment in 2002. They are non-justiciable moral obligations, unlike Fundamental Rights.
Article 84(b) requires a person to be at least 25 years old to be a member of the Lok Sabha. The corresponding age for the Rajya Sabha under Article 84(a) is 30 years, which is why the two are often compared.
Article 56(1) of the Constitution provides that the President shall hold office for a term of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office. The term can end earlier by resignation or removal, but the normal duration is five years. The other durations do not correspond to the constitutional provision.
Each letter moves one step forward in the alphabet, so E→F, R→S, A→B, S→T, E→F, R→S giving FSBTFS. Checking the given word confirms the same single forward shift throughout.
The only son of Ravi's grandfather is Ravi's father. The daughter of Ravi's father is Ravi's sister (or Ravi himself if the child were male, but the person is stated to be female). Hence the girl is Ravi's sister.
Each term is obtained by doubling the previous term and adding 2: 3×2+2=8, 8×2+2=18, and so on. Applying the rule to 78 gives 78×2+2=158.
The final coordinates are (6-3,8-4)=(3,4). Displacement magnitude is √(3²+4²)=5 m; the full distance walked is a different quantity.
The pattern is n² + 1: 7² + 1 = 50, so 9² + 1 = 82. The relationship is consistent and unique among the choices.
Conclusion II is the simple conversion of 'Some graduates are managers' and always holds. Conclusion I is not guaranteed because the managers who are graduates may lie outside the engineer set.
121=11², 169=13² and 225=15² are squares of odd numbers, while 196=14² is the square of an even number. Hence 196 is the odd one out.
Substituting gives 18 × 3 + 12 ÷ 4 − 2. By BODMAS, 18×3=54, 12÷4=3, so 54+3−2=55.
Sunil's position from the left is 40 − 15 + 1 = 26. The number between Anil (12th) and Sunil (26th) is 26 − 12 − 1 = 13.
STATION needs S,T,A,T,I,O,N; the source word contains two T's and all other required letters, so it can be formed. The other options need letters in quantities the source does not supply or need letters that are present but in insufficient count.
Cutting into 64 cubes gives a 4×4×4 arrangement. Cubes with exactly two painted faces lie on the edges excluding corners: 12 edges × (4−2) = 24.
The first letters advance A,B,C,D,E while the second letters move backward Z,Y,X,W,V. The next pair is therefore EV.
The rotation turns South-East into North, i.e. each direction is rotated 135° anticlockwise. Applying the same rotation to South-West gives North-East.
With T at the extreme left, the order is T, P, Q, S, R. The middle (third) position is occupied by Q.
A doctor works in a hospital as a professional workplace, and a teacher similarly works in a school. Both pairs link a professional to the institution where the work is done.
The request assumes an alternative route exists and is usable, supporting I. It also assumes the front lobby is unavailable during renovation, supporting II. Hence both assumptions are implicit.