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Article 14 of the Constitution states that the State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India. It applies to citizens and non-citizens alike and is a cornerstone of the fundamental rights chapter.
The Swaran Singh Committee recommended the inclusion of Fundamental Duties, and they were inserted by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976 as Part IVA, Article 51A. There are now eleven such duties after the 86th Amendment added one on education.
Article 60 provides that the President is sworn in by the Chief Justice of India, or in his absence the senior-most Supreme Court judge available. The oath affirms allegiance to the Constitution and faithful discharge of duties.
Part IV of the Constitution, containing the Directive Principles, was inspired by the Irish Constitution, which in turn drew on the Spanish model. These principles are non-justiciable but fundamental in the governance of the country.
The Election Commission of India is constitutionally empowered under Article 324 to superintend and conduct elections, including the indirect election of the President by an electoral college. It issues the notification and oversees the counting process.
The Tropic of Cancer at roughly 23.5 degrees north latitude crosses eight Indian states, from Gujarat in the west to Mizoram in the east. These include Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal and Tripura in between.
The Kosi river, a Himalayan tributary of the Ganga, shifts its course dramatically across the north Bihar plains and causes severe floods, earning it the name Sorrow of Bihar. The Damodar is similarly called the Sorrow of Bengal.
Gujarat has the longest coastline of any Indian state, extending roughly 1,600 kilometres along the Arabian Sea, including the Gulf of Kutch and Gulf of Khambhat. Its indented coast and numerous ports contribute to this length.
The Palk Strait lies between the south-eastern coast of Tamil Nadu and the northern coast of Sri Lanka, connecting the Bay of Bengal with the Gulf of Mannar. Adam's Bridge, a chain of shoals, lies across it.
The liver is the largest gland and the largest internal organ in the human body, weighing about 1.5 kilograms in adults. It performs metabolic, detoxifying and bile-secreting functions essential to digestion and homeostasis.
Vitamin A is required to form rhodopsin, the photopigment in retinal rod cells, so its deficiency impairs vision in dim light and causes night blindness. Prolonged deficiency can progress to xerophthalmia and corneal damage.
AB positive blood carries both A and B antigens and the Rh antigen, so it lacks antibodies against donor blood and can receive red cells from any ABO and Rh group. O negative, by contrast, is the universal donor.
Mitochondria carry out oxidative phosphorylation on their inner membrane and produce most of the cell's ATP, which is why they are called the powerhouse of the cell. They also contain their own DNA and ribosomes.
Parietal cells of the gastric mucosa secrete hydrochloric acid, creating a pH of about 1.5 to 3.5 that activates pepsinogen into pepsin and kills ingested microbes. This acidic environment is central to gastric protein digestion.
Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit was elected President of the United Nations General Assembly in 1953, becoming the first Indian woman and the first woman to head that body. She later served as India's High Commissioner to the United Kingdom.
The Quit India Movement was launched on 8 August 1942 at the Bombay session of the All India Congress Committee, following Gandhiji's call for Do or Die. It marked a decisive phase of mass agitation against British rule.
Lothal lies in the Bhal region of Gujarat and is famous for a large trapezoidal basin interpreted as a dockyard linked to the Sabarmati river system. It was a significant port of the Indus Valley Civilisation.
Shah Jahan commissioned the Taj Mahal at Agra between 1632 and 1653 as a mausoleum for his wife Mumtaz Mahal. The white marble structure is a celebrated example of Mughal architecture.
AIIMS New Delhi was established in 1956 as an autonomous institution of national importance under an Act of Parliament, with support from the New Zealand government. It functions as a premier medical education, research and tertiary care centre.
The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme, later renamed the National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme, adopted the DOTS strategy for TB control and now targets elimination. It provides free diagnosis and treatment through the public health system.
The Indian Nursing Council Act, 1947 provides for State Nursing Councils that maintain registers of nurses, midwives and health visitors within their jurisdiction. The Indian Nursing Council sets uniform standards and recognises qualifications across states.
The Indian Council of Medical Research, founded in 1911 as the Indian Research Fund Association and renamed in 1949, is the apex body for the formulation, coordination and promotion of biomedical research in India. It is funded through the Department of Health Research.
Ayushman Bharat PM-JAY offers an annual health cover of five lakh rupees per eligible family for secondary and tertiary care hospitalisation. It is the world's largest government-funded health assurance scheme, targeting over ten crore poor and vulnerable families.
The WHO Constitution came into force on 7 April 1948, a date commemorated each year as World Health Day. The organisation is headquartered in Geneva and is a specialised agency of the United Nations concerned with international public health.
Bengaluru, the capital of Karnataka, earned the nickname Silicon Valley of India owing to its concentration of information technology firms, research institutes and start-ups. Its salubrious climate and skilled workforce drove this growth.
Article 21 states that no person shall be deprived of life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law, and courts have read many rights into it. Article 14 deals with equality before law and Article 19 with the six freedoms, so neither covers life and liberty.
The RBI began operations as a private shareholders' bank in 1935 and was nationalised on 1 January 1949. The year 1969 is remembered for the nationalisation of 14 major commercial banks, which is a different event.
The ozone layer lies mainly in the stratosphere, roughly 15 to 35 km above the surface, where ozone absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation. The troposphere is the lowest weather-bearing layer, while the mesosphere and thermosphere lie above the stratosphere.
Bankim Chandra Chatterjee composed 'Vande Mataram' in Sanskritised Bengali, and it appeared in his novel Anandamath in 1882. Rabindranath Tagore wrote the national anthem 'Jana Gana Mana', which is a different composition.
Robert Clive led the Company's troops at Plassey on 23 June 1757 against Siraj-ud-Daulah, with the defection of Mir Jafar proving decisive. Warren Hastings and Lord Wellesley held office later and were associated with other campaigns and policies.
The Eighth Schedule enumerates the languages recognised by the Constitution, and its list has grown to 22 languages through amendments. The Seventh Schedule divides powers between the Union and states through three lists, while the Sixth and Ninth Schedules deal with tribal areas and land-reform laws respectively.
The Indian Nursing Council is the statutory national body constituted under the Indian Nursing Council Act, 1947, and it sets standards for nursing education and recognises nursing institutions. The Medical Council of India and the National Medical Commission regulate medical, not nursing, education.
The Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India, under the Ministry of Home Affairs, conducts the decennial census. NITI Aayog is a policy think tank and the Ministry of Statistics compiles national accounts and surveys rather than the census.
Nanda Devi, at about 7,816 metres in Uttarakhand, is the highest mountain lying wholly within India. Kanchenjunga straddles the India-Nepal border and K2 lies in Pakistan-administered territory, so neither is entirely within India.
GST was rolled out at midnight on 1 July 2017 following the 101st Constitutional Amendment Act, which created the GST Council. The other dates do not correspond to the commencement of GST in India.
C.V. Raman discovered the scattering phenomenon named after him in 1928 and received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930. Bhabha, Bose and Sarabhai made important contributions in other fields but did not win a Nobel Prize for this discovery.
Kharif crops are sown in the monsoon months and harvested in autumn, and rice is the leading example, along with maize, jowar and cotton. Wheat, mustard and barley are rabi crops grown in the cooler winter season.
Under Article 148 of the Constitution, the CAG is appointed by the President, and the office is designed to be independent of the executive. The Prime Minister, Chief Justice and Speaker have no role in making this appointment.
The south-west monsoon normally sets in over Kerala around 1 June and advances north-westward, so Mumbai receives it roughly a week later. The progressive northward movement of the monsoon current, not distance from the equator or a rain-shadow effect, explains the sequence.
Fundamental Duties were inserted as Article 51A by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, following the Swaran Singh Committee's recommendations. They were not in the original Constitution, are not directly enforceable by courts, and apply to all citizens rather than only public office holders.
The three nurses coincide on days that are common multiples of 4, 6 and 8. The next common day after day 1 is the LCM of 4, 6 and 8, which is 24, since 24 is the smallest number divisible by all three.
Multiples of 3 up to 100 number 33 (since 3 times 33 equals 99). Among these, multiples of both 3 and 5 are multiples of 15, and there are 6 of them (15 to 90). Subtracting gives 33 minus 6 equals 27, so the count of multiples of 3 not divisible by 5 is 27.
Each reading increases by a constant difference of 0.4 degrees, so the sequence is arithmetic with first term 98.6. The tenth term equals 98.6 plus 9 times 0.4, which is 98.6 plus 3.6, giving 102.2.
Each letter of DOCTOR is replaced by the next letter in the alphabet, giving EPDUPS. Applying the same rule to NURSE, each letter moves one step forward, producing OVSTF.
A and B are siblings of C, so A is a male sibling of D's father C. A male sibling of one's father is an uncle, so A is D's uncle.
The grandfather's only son is the nurse's own father. The daughter of the nurse's father is the nurse's sister, so the woman in the photograph is his sister.
The total number of people in a single row equals the sum of the two ranks minus one, because the person counted is included twice. Thus 12 plus 9 minus 1 equals 20.
R occupies the extreme left position, and Q must be immediately to the right of P somewhere in the row. Since R is fixed at the left end and P-Q form a pair, Q cannot occupy the second position next to R in every valid arrangement, so R and Q are never adjacent.
With A in the middle (third position), C must occupy the fourth position. E is at one end; if E is at the left end, the remaining positions are second and fifth for B and D, and D cannot be adjacent to C, so D takes the second seat and B takes the fifth. Hence B is at the extreme right.
Walking 5 km north then 5 km south cancels the north-south displacement, leaving only the 3 km walked eastward after the first right turn. She is therefore 3 km east of the gate.