DSSSB Pharmacist key terms

Basic human rights guaranteed by the Indian Constitution (Part III, Articles 12–35) to all citizens, including equality, freedom, and protection against exploitation. They are enforceable in courts through writs.

Guidelines in Part IV (Articles 36–51) of the Indian Constitution that direct the state to promote social and economic welfare. They are not enforceable in courts but are fundamental in governance.

The supreme law of India, adopted on 26 November 1949 and effective 26 January 1950. It establishes the framework of government, fundamental rights, and directive principles, and is the longest written constitution.

The introductory statement to the Indian Constitution that declares India a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic and outlines its objectives: justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity.

A formal application to a court requesting a writ (such as habeas corpus, mandamus, certiorari, prohibition, or quo warranto) to enforce fundamental rights or correct legal errors. Under Article 32, the Supreme Court can issue writs.

The system of local self-government in rural India, established by the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act (1992). It provides for three-tier governance: village, block, and district levels.

A comprehensive indirect tax levied on the supply of goods and services in India, introduced on 1 July 2017. It replaced multiple taxes and is governed by the GST Council.

The National Institution for Transforming India, a policy think tank established in 2015 to replace the Planning Commission. It advises the government on development strategies and fosters cooperative federalism.

The Reserve Bank of India, the central bank responsible for monetary policy, currency issuance, and regulation of the banking system. It was established in 1935 and nationalised in 1949.

A reasoning problem that asks you to identify the relationship between two items and apply the same relationship to a new pair. For example, 'Doctor is to Hospital as Teacher is to School'.

A reasoning task where you identify the odd one out from a group of items based on a common property. For instance, find the item that does not belong to the same category.

A sequence of numbers, letters, or figures arranged according to a pattern. You must determine the rule and find the missing or next term.

A reasoning exercise where words or phrases are written in a code according to a rule, and you must decipher the rule to encode or decode new words.

A form of logical reasoning where conclusions are drawn from two or more given statements (premises). You must determine which conclusions logically follow, using Venn diagrams or rules.

A reasoning question type where a statement is given, followed by conclusions. You must decide which conclusions logically follow from the statement, without assuming extra information.

Reasoning problems involving family relationships, where you interpret statements about relatives to determine how two people are related. Often presented as puzzles or coded relationships.

A reasoning test where you track movement in different directions (north, south, east, west) and determine final position or distance. It requires understanding of turns and relative directions.

A puzzle where you arrange people or objects in a line or around a table based on given clues about their positions. It tests logical deduction and spatial reasoning.

A way of expressing a number as a fraction of 100. For example, 25% means 25 out of 100. It is used to compare quantities and solve problems involving increase, decrease, and profit/loss.

The difference between the selling price and cost price of an item. Profit occurs when selling price exceeds cost price; loss occurs when cost price exceeds selling price. Usually expressed as a percentage.

Interest calculated only on the principal amount for a given period at a fixed rate. Formula: SI = (P × R × T)/100, where P is principal, R is rate, and T is time in years.

Interest calculated on the principal plus any accumulated interest from previous periods. It grows faster than simple interest. Formula: A = P(1 + R/100)^T, where A is the amount.

A ratio compares two quantities of the same kind. A proportion states that two ratios are equal. These concepts are used to solve problems involving sharing, mixing, and scaling.

The sum of a set of values divided by the number of values. It represents a central value. Formula: Average = (Sum of all items) / (Number of items).

Problems that calculate how long it takes for individuals or groups to complete a task, given their work rates. The key is that work done is inversely proportional to time taken.

A relationship where distance equals speed multiplied by time. Problems often involve relative speed, average speed, and conversions between units like km/h and m/s.

दो वर्णों या ध्वनियों के मेल से उत्पन्न परिवर्तन को संधि कहते हैं। जैसे 'विद्या + अर्थी = विद्यार्थी'। यह हिंदी व्याकरण का महत्वपूर्ण भाग है।

दो या दो से अधिक शब्दों के मेल से बने नए शब्द को समास कहते हैं। जैसे 'राजपुत्र' में राजा और पुत्र का समास है। समास के कई प्रकार होते हैं।

वह शब्दांश जो किसी शब्द के आरंभ में जुड़कर उसके अर्थ में परिवर्तन या विशेषता लाता है। जैसे 'प्र' + 'हार' = 'प्रहार'।

वह शब्दांश जो किसी शब्द के अंत में जुड़कर नया शब्द बनाता है या अर्थ बदलता है। जैसे 'लड़क' + 'पन' = 'लड़कपन'।

ऐसा वाक्यांश जो अपने शब्दों के सामान्य अर्थ से भिन्न विशेष अर्थ प्रकट करता है। जैसे 'आँख का तारा' का अर्थ है 'बहुत प्यारा'।

जनसमुदाय में प्रचलित ऐसी उक्ति जो किसी अनुभव या सत्य को संक्षेप में व्यक्त करती है। जैसे 'अंधों में काना राजा'।

वे शब्द जिनका अर्थ एक-दूसरे के विपरीत होता है। जैसे 'दिन' का विलोम 'रात' है। इन्हें विपरीतार्थक शब्द भी कहते हैं।

वे शब्द जिनके अर्थ समान या लगभग समान होते हैं। जैसे 'सूर्य' के पर्यायवाची हैं: रवि, दिनकर, भास्कर।

A word that has the same or nearly the same meaning as another word. For example, 'happy' and 'joyful' are synonyms. Questions test your ability to identify similar meanings.

A word that has the opposite meaning of another word. For example, 'hot' and 'cold' are antonyms. These questions test your vocabulary and understanding of contrasts.

A phrase whose meaning cannot be understood from the literal meanings of its individual words. For example, 'kick the bucket' means to die. Idiom questions test your grasp of figurative language.

A combination of a verb and a preposition or adverb that creates a new meaning. For example, 'give up' means to quit. These are common in English and often tested.

Grammatical voices: active voice emphasises the doer (e.g., 'She writes a letter'), while passive voice emphasises the action or receiver (e.g., 'A letter is written by her'). Questions ask for conversion.

Ways of reporting speech: direct speech quotes the exact words (e.g., He said, 'I am tired'), while indirect speech reports the meaning without quotes (e.g., He said that he was tired). Conversion rules are tested.