DSSSB PRT cheat sheet

The Indian Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950; Dr. B. R. Ambedkar chaired the Drafting Committee.

Fundamental Rights are in Part III (Articles 12–35); the Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32) was called the 'heart and soul' of the Constitution by Ambedkar.

The Fundamental Duties were added by the 42nd Amendment (1976) on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee; Article 51A lists 11 duties.

The President is elected by an electoral college using the single transferable vote system of proportional representation; the Vice-President is elected by members of both Houses of Parliament.

The Tropic of Cancer (23°26′ N) passes through eight Indian states: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, and Mizoram.

The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 by A. O. Hume; the first session was held in Bombay with W. C. Bonnerjee as president.

The Battle of Plassey (1757) established British political power in Bengal; the Battle of Buxar (1764) confirmed it.

Nobel laureates from India include Rabindranath Tagore (Literature, 1913), C. V. Raman (Physics, 1930), and Amartya Sen (Economics, 1998).

The Himalayas are divided into the Greater Himalayas (Himadri), Lesser Himalayas (Himachal), and Outer Himalayas (Shiwaliks); the Shiwaliks are the southernmost range.

In a series of squares, the difference between consecutive squares follows the pattern of consecutive odd numbers: 1, 3, 5, 7, …

Alphabet positions: A=1 … Z=26; the opposite letter of a letter at position n is at position 27 − n (e.g., A↔Z, C↔X).

For coding-decoding with a constant shift, decode by reversing the shift; if letters are reversed within words, reverse them back before applying any shift.

Blood relations: 'A is the son of B' and 'B is the daughter of C' implies A is the grandson of C; draw a family tree with gender symbols before answering.

Direction sense: after turning right from North you face East; after turning left from East you face North. Net displacement uses Pythagoras for two perpendicular moves.

Number series: check differences, then ratios, then squares/cubes, then alternating patterns; prime-number and Fibonacci-based series are common.

Syllogism: 'All A are B' does not imply 'All B are A'; only conclusions that hold in every possible Venn diagram are valid.

Mirror image: in a vertical mirror, left and right are interchanged while top and bottom stay the same; in a water image, top and bottom are interchanged.

Ranking: if a person is 10th from the left and 15th from the right, total persons = 10 + 15 − 1 = 24.

Average = sum of observations ÷ number of observations; if each observation is increased by k, the average increases by k.

Simple interest = P × R × T ÷ 100; compound interest = P(1 + R/100)^T − P, compounded annually.

Profit% = (SP − CP)/CP × 100; loss% = (CP − SP)/CP × 100. If an article is sold at a discount d% on marked price, SP = MP(1 − d/100).

Speed = distance ÷ time; to convert km/h to m/s multiply by 5/18, and to convert m/s to km/h multiply by 18/5.

Work: if A can do a job in x days and B in y days, together they take xy/(x + y) days.

Ratio and proportion: if a : b = c : d, then ad = bc; to divide a quantity Q in the ratio a : b : c, the shares are Qa/(a+b+c), Qb/(a+b+c), Qc/(a+b+c).

Area formulas: triangle = ½ × base × height; circle = πr²; rectangle = length × breadth; trapezium = ½ × (sum of parallel sides) × height.

Percentage change: a successive increase of x% then decrease of y% gives net change = x − y − xy/100 percent.

LCM × HCF = product of the two numbers; use prime factorisation to find both for large numbers.

संधि: स्वर संधि में दो स्वर मिलकर एक नया स्वर बनाते हैं; जैसे विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय (दीर्घ संधि)।

समास के प्रमुख भेद: तत्पुरुष (पहला पद दूसरे का विशेषण), द्वंद्व (दोनों पद प्रधान), बहुव्रीहि (अन्य पदार्थ प्रधान), कर्मधारय (विशेषण-विशेष्य), द्विगु (संख्यावाची पहला पद)।

उपसर्ग शब्द के आरम्भ में जुड़कर अर्थ बदलते हैं (जैसे 'अ' + 'ज्ञान' = अज्ञान); प्रत्यय शब्द के अंत में जुड़ते हैं (जैसे 'लड़क' + 'पन' = लड़कपन)।

वाक्य के अंग: उद्देश्य (कर्ता) और विधेय (कर्ता के बारे में कथन); क्रिया के आधार पर वाक्य सकर्मक या अकर्मक होते हैं।

मुहावरे का अर्थ शब्दों के शाब्दिक अर्थ से भिन्न होता है; जैसे 'अंधे की लाठी' का अर्थ है एकमात्र सहारा।

विलोम शब्द: किसी शब्द का उल्टा अर्थ देने वाला शब्द (जैसे दिन × रात, अमृत × विष)।

पर्यायवाची: समान अर्थ वाले शब्द; जैसे 'सूर्य' के पर्यायवाची रवि, दिनकर, भास्कर, आदित्य हैं।

कारक चिह्न: कर्ता में 'ने', कर्म में 'को', करण में 'से/के द्वारा', संप्रदान में 'के लिए', अपादान में 'से', अधिकरण में 'में/पर'।

अलंकार: अनुप्रास में वर्णों की आवृत्ति, उपमा में 'सा/जैसा' द्वारा तुलना, रूपक में अभेद आरोप, और यमक में एक शब्द के भिन्न अर्थों में प्रयोग होते हैं।

Subject-verb agreement: a singular subject takes a singular verb; phrases between subject and verb do not change the verb number (e.g., 'The box of pens is on the table').

Articles: 'a' before consonant sounds, 'an' before vowel sounds (an hour, a university); 'the' for specific or unique references.

Tenses: present perfect (has/have + past participle) is used for past actions with present relevance; past perfect (had + past participle) for the earlier of two past actions.

Direct to indirect speech: change the reporting verb to 'said that', shift tense one step back, and change pronouns according to the speaker-listener relationship.

Active to passive: move the object to subject position, use the correct form of 'be' plus past participle, and add 'by' before the agent when needed.

Prepositions of time: 'in' for months, years, and long periods; 'on' for days and dates; 'at' for exact times and festivals.

Idioms: 'a blessing in disguise' means an apparent misfortune that turns out to be beneficial; 'to let the cat out of the bag' means to reveal a secret.

Synonyms and antonyms: use context clues in the sentence; a word may have multiple meanings, so choose the one that fits the passage.

Reading comprehension: identify the main idea, supporting details, and the author's tone; eliminate options that are true but not stated in the passage.