DSSSB PRT key terms

Basic freedoms guaranteed to every citizen by Part III of the Indian Constitution, covering equality, speech, religion, and life. Courts can enforce them, and they are often called the conscience of the Constitution.

Guidelines in Part IV of the Indian Constitution that direct governments to promote welfare, social justice, and a fair economy. They cannot be enforced by courts but are fundamental in governance.

The opening statement of the Indian Constitution declaring India a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic and listing justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity as its aims. Courts use it to interpret unclear provisions.

An Indian law making free and compulsory education a fundamental right for children aged six to fourteen. It sets pupil-teacher ratios, bans screening at admission, and prohibits physical punishment and detention until elementary completion.

A flagship Indian programme launched in 2001 to universalise elementary education through school infrastructure, teacher recruitment, and community participation. It was later subsumed into the Samagra Shiksha scheme.

A national programme providing a cooked hot lunch to children in government and aided schools to improve nutrition and attendance. It is now known as the PM POSHAN scheme.

India's National Education Policy approved in 2020, replacing the 1986 policy. It introduces a 5+3+3+4 school structure, foundational literacy goals, mother-tongue instruction in early years, and a lighter board-exam burden.

An assessment approach that judges learners regularly through both scholastic and co-scholastic activities rather than a single year-end exam. It uses formative and summative tools to track progress across the school year.

Ongoing, low-stakes checking of learning during teaching, used to adjust instruction rather than to grade. Examples include oral questioning, quizzes, worksheets, and observation of group work.

Evaluation carried out at the end of a unit, term, or year to measure how much a learner has achieved against set objectives. Results are typically reported as marks or grades.

The practice of teaching children with disabilities and diverse needs in the same regular classroom, with adapted materials, seating, and support. It treats difference as normal rather than separating learners into special schools.

A written plan for a learner with special needs that records present levels, specific goals, support services, and review dates. It is prepared jointly by teachers, parents, and specialists.

A 2018 fraud in which diamond merchant Nirav Modi and associates obtained fraudulent letters of undertaking from bank officials, causing losses of over eleven thousand crore rupees. It triggered major banking-reform debate.

India's indirect tax on supply of goods and services, introduced in 2017 as a destination-based tax. It replaced many state and central levies with slabs and a council deciding rates.

The seasonal reversal of winds that brings heavy rain to India, usually from June to September. The southwest monsoon waters most of the country and strongly influences agriculture and rural income.

A series of five Muslim dynasties that ruled parts of India from Delhi between roughly 1206 and 1526. It shaped administration, architecture, and the Persianate culture of northern India.

A reasoning problem presenting two or more statements assumed true, from which a conclusion must be judged as definitely following, possibly following, or not following. Venn diagrams help test whether the conclusion holds in every possible case.

A drawing of overlapping circles used to show how sets relate. In reasoning questions it quickly reveals whether a conclusion is forced, possible, or impossible under the given statements.

An unstated idea the speaker must be taking for granted for an argument to work. In verbal reasoning, the answer choice that the argument depends on and without which it collapses is the correct assumption.

A conclusion drawn from given facts rather than stated outright. In reasoning questions, a valid inference must follow from the passage alone, not from the reader's general knowledge.

Puzzle questions describing family links through statements or coded symbols, asking how two people are related. Drawing a small family tree while fixing gender and generation avoids most errors.

Questions tracking movement in north, south, east, and west turns to find final distance or facing direction. A quick sketch with marked turns is the standard method.

Questions where words or numbers are converted into a code by a fixed rule, and the candidate must apply or discover that rule. Comparing letters or positions across examples reveals the pattern.

A sequence of numbers, letters, or figures following a hidden rule, with one or more terms missing or wrong. Differences, ratios, squares, and alternating patterns are the usual keys.

A pair-based question stating that two items share a relationship, then asking for a matching pair. The relation may be of part and whole, cause and effect, worker and tool, or degree.

An odd-one-out question listing items that share a common feature, with one exception. The candidate identifies the attribute common to all but that single item.

A reasoning format giving a short passage followed by conclusions, where the candidate marks which conclusions logically follow from the passage alone and not from outside knowledge.

The sum of a set of values divided by the number of values. In exam problems, the shortcut of comparing total change against the number of items solves most replacement and inclusion questions quickly.

A fraction expressed out of one hundred, used to compare quantities and express change. Successive percentage changes do not simply add; they must be applied one after another.

Commercial arithmetic comparing cost price with selling price. Profit equals selling price minus cost price, and percentage profit is always calculated on cost price unless stated otherwise.

Interest calculated only on the original principal for the whole period, using principal times rate times time divided by one hundred. It does not compound.

Interest computed on both the principal and previously earned interest, so the amount grows faster than under simple interest. The formula is principal times one plus rate over one hundred raised to the number of years.

A ratio compares two quantities of the same kind, while a proportion states that two ratios are equal. Cross-multiplication solves proportion problems, and ratios scale quantities when a total is shared.

Problems measuring how long people or machines take to finish a task, alone or together. Converting each worker's contribution to a per-day rate makes combined and partial-work questions straightforward.

The relationship that distance equals speed multiplied by time. Problems involving trains, boats, and relative motion are solved by adding or subtracting speeds depending on direction.

The lowest common multiple is the smallest number divisible by each given number; the highest common factor is the largest number dividing each. Their product equals the product of the two numbers.

दो वर्णों या शब्दों के मेल से उत्पन्न विकार को संधि कहते हैं। स्वर, व्यंजन और विसर्ग संधि इसके तीन प्रमुख भेद हैं, जिनका ज्ञान शब्द-शुद्धि के प्रश्नों में आवश्यक है।

दो या अधिक शब्दों के मेल से बने संक्षिप्त पद को समास कहते हैं। तत्पुरुष, द्वंद्व, बहुव्रीहि, कर्मधारय, द्विगु और अव्ययीभाव इसके मुख्य भेद हैं।

वे शब्दांश जो किसी मूल शब्द से पहले जुड़कर उसके अर्थ में परिवर्तन या विशेषता लाते हैं। जैसे 'प्र' जोड़ने पर 'गति' से 'प्रगति' बनता है।

वे शब्दांश जो मूल शब्द के बाद जुड़कर नया अर्थ या भाव उत्पन्न करते हैं। कृत् और तद्धित प्रत्यय इसके दो प्रकार हैं, जैसे 'लिखना' से 'लेखक'।

वे शब्द जिनका अर्थ समान या लगभग समान होता है, पर्यायवाची कहलाते हैं। जैसे जल, पानी, वारि और नीर एक ही अर्थ के शब्द हैं।

जिन शब्दों के अर्थ एक-दूसरे के विपरीत होते हैं, उन्हें विलोम या विपरीतार्थक शब्द कहते हैं। जैसे दिन का विलोम रात और उचित का विलोम अनुचित है।

ऐसे शब्द जो प्रसंग के अनुसार एक से अधिक अर्थ देते हैं। जैसे 'कनक' का अर्थ सोना और धतूरा दोनों होता है, इसलिए वाक्य-प्रसंग देखना आवश्यक है।

ऐसा वाक्यांश जिसका अर्थ उसके शब्दों के सीधे अर्थ से भिन्न, लाक्षणिक होता है। जैसे 'आँख का तारा' का अर्थ अत्यंत प्रिय व्यक्ति है।

जन-जीवन के अनुभव से बनी ऐसी उक्ति जो पूर्ण वाक्य के रूप में कहावत बन जाती है। जैसे 'अंधों में काना राजा' का अर्थ अयोग्य लोगों में थोड़ा योग्य व्यक्ति भी बड़ा माना जाता है।

Voice shows whether the subject performs the action or receives it. In active voice the doer is the subject; in passive voice the object becomes the subject and the verb takes a past-participle form.

Reported speech converts a speaker's exact words into a subordinate clause. Pronouns shift to the reporter's viewpoint, tense usually moves one step back, and time and place words change accordingly.

The rule that a verb must match its subject in number and person. Singular subjects take singular verbs, and phrases between subject and verb do not change the agreement.

The grammatical form that locates an action in time, combining present, past, or future with simple, continuous, perfect, or perfect continuous aspect. Consistency of tense within a passage is a common test point.

A fixed expression whose meaning cannot be worked out from its individual words, such as 'break the ice' meaning to start a conversation. Idioms are tested through sentence-based usage choices.

A verb combined with a preposition or adverb that together carry a new meaning, such as 'give up' or 'look after'. Changing the particle changes the sense entirely.

Replacing a phrase with a single precise word, for example 'a person who loves books' becoming 'bibliophile'. These questions test vocabulary range and precision rather than grammar.

A synonym is a word with a similar meaning and an antonym a word with the opposite meaning. Correct answers depend on the word's meaning in context, not on its rarest dictionary sense.

Answering questions about a given passage by locating stated facts and drawing supported inferences. Answers must come from the passage, and extreme or out-of-scope options are usually wrong.