DSSSB TGT key terms

Basic freedoms guaranteed to citizens by Part III of the Indian Constitution, enforceable through courts. They cover equality, speech, religion, and life, and can be limited by reasonable restrictions.

Guidelines in Part IV of the Indian Constitution that direct governments to promote welfare and social justice. They are not enforceable in courts but are fundamental to governance and lawmaking.

The opening statement of the Indian Constitution declaring the source of authority as the people and listing goals such as justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity. It is used to interpret constitutional provisions.

A formal written order issued by a court directing a person or authority to act or refrain from acting. Habeas corpus, mandamus, and certiorari are examples used to protect legal rights.

The power of courts to examine laws and executive actions and declare them invalid if they violate the Constitution. It safeguards constitutional supremacy and protects citizens' rights.

The system of local self-government in rural India established by the 73rd Constitutional Amendment. Elected village, block, and district councils handle local planning and development functions.

A system where power is divided between a central government and regional governments, each with defined authority. India's Constitution distributes powers through Union, State, and Concurrent Lists.

A seasonal reversal of prevailing winds that brings heavy rainfall to the Indian subcontinent, usually from June to September. Agriculture and water resources depend heavily on its timing and strength.

A rotating storm system forming over warm tropical oceans with low pressure at its centre and strong winds. In India they mainly affect coastal regions of the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea.

The removal of topsoil by wind, water, or human activity, reducing fertility and land productivity. Contour ploughing, terracing, and afforestation are common preventive measures.

A form of deductive reasoning where a conclusion follows from two given premises. Questions ask whether conclusions logically follow, regardless of real-world truth of the statements.

A diagram using overlapping circles to show relationships between sets or categories. It is a standard tool for solving syllogism and set-membership reasoning questions quickly.

A reasoning topic where family relationships are described through statements or symbols, and the candidate must identify how two people are related. Drawing a family tree helps avoid errors.

A reasoning topic where words or numbers are converted into codes by a fixed rule, and the candidate must decode new words or apply the rule to fresh input. Pattern spotting is essential.

A puzzle where people or objects are placed in rows, circles, or lines under given conditions, and the candidate must determine the final positions. Careful stepwise deduction solves these.

A reasoning task requiring the next term in a sequence of numbers, letters, or figures identified by a consistent pattern. Differences, ratios, and alternating rules are common devices.

A way of expressing a number as a fraction of one hundred, used to compare quantities and calculate increases, decreases, and discounts. Converting to fractions simplifies many calculations.

A comparison of two quantities by division, and an equation stating that two ratios are equal. These concepts underpin problems on mixtures, partnership, and scale.

The sum of a set of values divided by the number of values, representing a central value. It is used in problems involving runs, marks, ages, and speed.

Interest calculated only on the original principal for the whole period, using the formula principal times rate times time divided by one hundred. It does not compound.

Interest calculated on both the principal and previously earned interest, so the amount grows faster than under simple interest. It is usually compounded annually, half-yearly, or quarterly.

A numerical topic relating the distance travelled, the speed of travel, and the time taken through the formula distance equals speed multiplied by time. Unit conversion is often required.

The least common multiple is the smallest number divisible by each given number; the highest common factor is the largest number dividing each exactly. They are used in fraction and scheduling problems.

दो वर्णों के मेल से होने वाले परिवर्तन को संधि कहते हैं, जैसे विद्या और आलय मिलकर विद्यालय बनते हैं। संधि के स्वर, व्यंजन और विसर्ग भेद हैं।

दो या अधिक शब्दों के मेल से बने संक्षिप्त पद को समास कहते हैं, जैसे राजपुत्र अर्थात राजा का पुत्र। तत्पुरुष, द्वंद्व, बहुव्रीहि आदि इसके भेद हैं।

उपसर्ग शब्द के आरंभ में जुड़कर अर्थ बदलता है, जैसे प्र और गति से प्रगति। प्रत्यय शब्द के अंत में जुड़कर नया रूप या अर्थ बनाता है।

किसी शब्द के समान अर्थ वाले दूसरे शब्दों को पर्यायवाची कहते हैं, जैसे जल के लिए पानी, नीर और वारि। यह शब्द भंडार और अभिव्यक्ति की समझ दर्शाता है।

किसी शब्द का विपरीत अर्थ देने वाला शब्द विलोम कहलाता है, जैसे दिन का विलोम रात है। यह प्रश्नों में शब्द ज्ञान और अर्थ समझ की जाँच करता है।

ऐसा वाक्यांश जिसका अर्थ शब्दों के सीधे अर्थ से भिन्न होता है, जैसे आँख का तारा अर्थात अत्यंत प्रिय। इसका प्रयोग भाषा को सजीव बनाता है।

The grammatical rule that a verb must match its subject in number and person, as in 'she writes' versus 'they write'. Errors here are common in error-spotting questions.

The grammatical category showing the time of an action, such as present, past, or future, along with its aspect. Correct tense choice keeps sentences consistent and meaningful.

Voice shows whether the subject performs or receives the action. In active voice the subject acts; in passive voice the object becomes the subject, often with a form of 'be' and a past participle.

Ways of reporting speech: direct speech quotes the exact words, while indirect speech paraphrases them with changes in pronouns, tense, and time words. Conversion rules are frequently tested.

A word with a meaning close to that of another word, such as 'begin' and 'commence'. Synonym questions test vocabulary range and the ability to choose the closest meaning in context.

A word with the opposite meaning of another, such as 'ancient' and 'modern'. Antonym questions check whether a candidate can identify contrast in meaning accurately.

A fixed expression whose meaning cannot be understood from its individual words, such as 'to let the cat out of the bag'. Idiom questions ask for the correct meaning or usage.