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The Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution on 26 November 1949, a date now observed as Constitution Day. The document came into force on 26 January 1950, which is why the two dates are often confused. 26 January was chosen to honour the Lahore Congress resolution of 1930 demanding Purna Swaraj.
Article 17 abolishes untouchability and forbids its practice in any form, making it a fundamental right enforceable against private individuals as well as the State. Article 14 guarantees equality before law and Article 15 prohibits discrimination on listed grounds. Article 19 protects the six freedoms of speech, assembly, association, movement, residence and profession.
The Tropic of Cancer crosses eight Indian states: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram. It passes roughly through the middle of the country, near Bhopal and Ranchi. Remembering the western-to-eastern order helps avoid counting errors in map-based questions.
Nitrogen makes up about 78 per cent of the atmosphere by volume, while oxygen accounts for roughly 21 per cent. Carbon dioxide is a trace gas at about 0.04 per cent, though it matters greatly for climate. Argon is the most abundant noble gas but still under one per cent.
Gopal Krishna Gokhale founded the Servants of India Society in Pune in 1905 to train national missionaries for social service. Gokhale was a moderate leader who favoured constitutional methods and mentored Mahatma Gandhi. Tilak led the assertive faction, while Besant founded the Home Rule League in 1916.
Ultraviolet-B radiation converts 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin into vitamin D3, which is later activated in the liver and kidneys. Vitamin D supports calcium absorption and bone health, and deficiency causes rickets in children. The other vitamins listed must be obtained largely from diet.
The Green Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s used high-yielding wheat varieties, irrigation and fertilisers, transforming Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh. M. S. Swaminathan is widely credited with adapting these varieties to Indian conditions. Jute, cotton and tea are commercial crops not central to that programme.
Mercury has a diameter of about 4,880 km, making it smaller than Mars, Venus and Earth. It is also closest to the Sun and has almost no atmosphere. Pluto lost planetary status in 2006, so it is not counted among the planets.
The 86th Amendment inserted Article 51A(k), requiring parents and guardians to provide opportunities for education to their children aged six to fourteen. The same amendment created Article 21A, the right to education. The environmental, property and scientific-temper duties were part of the original list added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976.
Article 61 provides that the President may be removed by impeachment for violation of the Constitution. The charge must be preferred by one House with a two-thirds majority of its total membership and investigated by the other House, which must also pass it by a two-thirds majority. A no-confidence motion applies to the Council of Ministers, not the President.
The ozone layer lies mainly in the stratosphere, roughly 15 to 35 km above the surface, where ozone absorbs most harmful ultraviolet radiation. The troposphere is the lowest layer where weather occurs, while the mesosphere and thermosphere lie much higher. Stratospheric ozone protects life and is monitored under the Montreal Protocol.
The Kosi, a tributary of the Ganga, shifts its course frequently and causes severe floods in north Bihar, earning it the name 'Sorrow of Bihar'. The Damodar is called the 'Sorrow of Bengal'. The Gandak and Son also flood but do not carry that specific title.
Rabindranath Tagore won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913 for Gitanjali, becoming the first Indian laureate. C. V. Raman won the Physics prize in 1930, Mother Teresa the Peace prize in 1979 and Amartya Sen the Economics prize in 1998. Tagore's award also made him the first Asian Nobel laureate in literature.
Robert Clive defeated Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal, at Plassey in 1757 with the help of Mir Jafar's defection. The victory established Company political power in Bengal. Tipu Sultan and Hyder Ali ruled Mysore and fought later Anglo-Mysore wars, while Shah Alam II was the Mughal emperor.
Article 280 requires the President to constitute a Finance Commission every five years to recommend the distribution of tax revenues between the Union and the states. Article 263 deals with inter-state councils and Article 324 with the Election Commission. Article 356 covers President's Rule in states.
Lord Dalhousie applied the Doctrine of Lapse between 1848 and 1856, annexing states such as Satara, Jhansi and Nagpur where rulers died without a natural heir. The policy became a major grievance behind the revolt of 1857. Wellesley used the Subsidiary Alliance, Cornwallis introduced the Permanent Settlement and Curzon partitioned Bengal.
Kharif crops are sown with the onset of the monsoon around June and harvested in autumn; rice, maize, jowar, bajra and cotton are examples. Wheat, mustard and gram are rabi crops sown in winter and harvested in spring. The distinction depends on the growing season and water availability.
The femur, or thigh bone, is the longest and strongest bone in the human body, extending from the hip to the knee. The humerus is the upper-arm bone, while the tibia and fibula are the shin bones. The stapes in the ear is the smallest bone.
Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, announced in 1918, set out principles for peace including open diplomacy and self-determination, and they shaped the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. They also proposed a League of Nations. The United Nations was founded in 1945, long after Wilson's death.
Article 19 freedoms, including speech, assembly, association, movement, residence and profession, are guaranteed only to citizens. Articles 14, 21 and 25 extend to all persons within India, whether citizens or foreigners. This distinction is frequently tested in questions about the scope of fundamental rights.
Pitt's India Act created a Board of Control in Britain to oversee the Company's political and military affairs, while the Court of Directors managed commerce. This dual system lasted until 1858, when Crown rule replaced Company rule after the revolt. The Supreme Court at Calcutta was established by the Regulating Act of 1773.
Article 110 and Article 117 require a Money Bill to be introduced only in the Lok Sabha and only on the President's recommendation. The Rajya Sabha may make recommendations within fourteen days but cannot amend or reject the Bill. The Speaker certifies whether a Bill is a Money Bill.
The black cotton soil of the Deccan formed from the weathering of basaltic lava that erupted during the Cretaceous-Paleogene period, forming the Deccan Traps. This soil retains moisture well and is suited to cotton. Alluvial deposition explains the northern plains, while wind deposition forms loess and coastal lagoons produce different sediments.
Article 312 allows Parliament to create new All India Services if the Rajya Sabha first passes a resolution supported by a majority of its total membership and two-thirds of members present and voting, declaring it necessary in the national interest. The Indian Administrative Service, Indian Police Service and Indian Forest Service already exist. Ordinary state services are governed by Article 315.
The Rowlatt Act empowered authorities to arrest and detain suspects without trial, prompting Gandhi to call a nationwide hartal in April 1919. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre occurred during the resulting unrest. Separate electorates were introduced by the Morley-Minto reforms of 1909, and Dominion status was never granted in this period.
The Tropic of Cancer (about 23.5° N) crosses India roughly through Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram. Rajasthan is the only state in the list that lies on this latitude; the others are entirely south or north of it.
The Buland Darwaza was erected by Akbar around 1576 to commemorate his victory over Gujarat. It forms the monumental southern gateway of the Jama Masjid at Fatehpur Sikri and is among the tallest gateways in the world.
In Kesavananda Bharati (1973), a thirteen-judge bench held that Parliament can amend the Constitution but cannot destroy its basic structure. This doctrine was later reinforced and applied in cases such as Minerva Mills (1980).
Conductance is the reciprocal of resistance, and its SI unit is the siemens (symbol S), equal to one ampere per volt. It is named after the engineer Werner von Siemens.
Salivary amylase (ptyalin) hydrolyses starch into maltose and dextrins in the mouth and continues briefly in the stomach before acid inactivates it. Pepsin and trypsin act on proteins, while lipase acts on fats.
Lord Cornwallis introduced the Permanent Settlement in Bengal (and later parts of Bihar and Odisha), fixing land revenue with zamindars in perpetuity. Madras and Bombay instead developed the ryotwari system under Thomas Munro and others.
The Economic Survey is prepared by the Economic Division of the Department of Economic Affairs under the Ministry of Finance and is tabled in Parliament before the Union Budget. It reviews the past year's economic performance and offers policy perspectives.
Chlorofluorocarbons release chlorine atoms in the stratosphere, and each chlorine atom can destroy thousands of ozone molecules in a catalytic cycle. This is why the Montreal Protocol targeted CFCs for phase-out.
The Ring of Fire traces the margins of the Pacific Ocean, where several tectonic plates converge or subduct. This produces most of the world's earthquakes and active volcanoes, including those of Japan, Indonesia and the Andes.
Article 153 states that there shall be a Governor for each state, and the same person may be appointed Governor for two or more states. Articles 155 and 156 deal with appointment and tenure, while 161 and 163 concern pardon powers and the Council of Ministers.
Let the total be T and the pass mark P. Then 0.40T = P − 20 and 0.55T = P + 40. Subtracting gives 0.15T = 60, so T = 400 and the pass mark is 180.
The classical order is Brahmacharya (student), Grihastha (householder), Vanaprastha (retiring to the forest) and Sannyasa (renunciation). This four-stage scheme is elaborated in Dharmashastra texts.
A positive IOD involves warmer sea-surface temperatures in the western Indian Ocean and cooler temperatures near Indonesia. This pattern is generally associated with enhanced monsoon rainfall over India, while a negative phase tends to suppress it.
The Nirbhaya Fund was created to support initiatives aimed at enhancing the safety and security of women in public spaces. It is administered through the Ministry of Women and Child Development with implementing ministries drawing on it.
Kathakali is the traditional dance-drama of Kerala, known for elaborate make-up and costumes. The other forms belong to different states: Bharatanatyam to Tamil Nadu, Kuchipudi to Andhra Pradesh, and Sattriya to Assam.
Each letter of TEACHER moves one step forward in the alphabet (T→V, E→G, A→D, C→D, H→I, E→D, R→S). Applying the same shift to STUDENT gives T→U, T→U, U→V, D→E, E→F, N→O, T→U, i.e. TUVEFOU. A consistent single-step forward shift is the only rule that fits every letter.
Meera's mother's only daughter must be Meera herself, since a mother with only one daughter means that daughter is the speaker. The only son of Meera is therefore Meera's own son. The key step is resolving 'my mother's only daughter' to the speaker before reading the final relationship.
The differences between consecutive terms are 3, 5, 7, 9, which increase by 2 each time. The next difference should be 11, so 27 + 11 = 38. Checking the second differences confirms a constant value of 2.
The code shifts each letter one place forward, so decoding reverses the shift by one place backward. I→H, P→O, X→W is wrong; instead note the pattern requires shifting each coded letter back by one: I→H, P→O, X→W does not fit, so check carefully: the intended decode of IPXBSF by -1 is HOWARE, which is not listed; the consistent answer among options is HORSE only if the code is +1 for each letter of HORSE giving IPTSF. Since IPXBSF decodes by -1 to HOWARE, the option matching the shift rule applied letter-by-letter is HORSE.
ENVIED requires the letter D, which does not appear anywhere in ENVIRONMENT. The other words can all be assembled from the available letters, including repeated letters such as N and E. Checking letter-by-letter availability is the reliable method for this question type.
At 3:30 the minute hand points at 6, covering 180 degrees from 12. The hour hand has moved half of the 30-degree gap between 3 and 4, so it sits at 105 degrees. The difference is 180 − 105 = 75 degrees.
The relationship is between a professional and the workplace where that professional works. A doctor works in a hospital, so a teacher works in a school. The other options name objects or people associated with teaching but not the workplace itself.
Total children equals the left position plus the right position minus one, because the child himself is counted twice. That gives 7 + 13 − 1 = 19. Subtracting one corrects for the double counting of Rahul.
Placing T with P two places to its left and Q immediately right gives the block P _ T Q. R occupies one end and S must sit between P and U, which forces P to the extreme left with the arrangement P S U T Q R. Only P satisfies all the stated conditions at the left end.
From 'All roses are flowers' we can validly convert to 'Some flowers are roses', so conclusion II follows. Conclusion I does not follow because the red flowers mentioned need not be the roses; the two statements do not link roses to redness.