EMRS PGT flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Lyrical Ballads 1798

Collection by Wordsworth and Coleridge that marks the conventional start of English Romanticism, advocating ordinary language and spontaneous feeling over neoclassical decorum.

Metaphysical conceit

An extended, intellectually surprising comparison linking distant ideas, characteristic of Donne and other seventeenth-century poets, often drawn from science, geography or law.

Restrictive vs non-restrictive clause

A restrictive clause identifies the noun and takes no commas, usually with 'that'; a non-restrictive clause adds extra information, is set off by commas, and takes 'which'.

Quadratic discriminant

For ax²+bx+c=0, the value b²−4ac decides root nature: positive gives two real roots, zero gives equal real roots, negative gives complex conjugate roots.

Chain rule

Differentiation rule for composite functions: the derivative of f(g(x)) equals f′(g(x)) multiplied by g′(x), applied outward from the innermost function.

Mole concept

One mole contains 6.022×10²³ entities and equals the molar mass in grams; it links mass, particle count and gas volume at STP (22.4 L).

Meiosis outcome

Two successive divisions from one diploid cell yield four haploid cells; crossing over in prophase I and independent assortment create genetic variation.

Le Chatelier's principle

When a system at equilibrium is disturbed by concentration, pressure or temperature change, it shifts in the direction that partly counteracts the disturbance.

Tropic of Cancer in India

The 23.5°N latitude crosses eight Indian states, from Gujarat and Rajasthan through Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram.

Reverse alphabet value

In coding-decoding, a letter's reverse position equals 27 minus its forward position, so A becomes 26 and Z becomes 1.

Successive discount formula

Two successive discounts of a and b percent equal one discount of a + b − ab/100 percent, always smaller than the simple sum.

Alligation rule

To mix two components of given values to reach a target mean, the required ratio is (target − lower value) : (higher value − target).

Syllogism validity test

A conclusion is valid only if it holds in every possible Venn diagram consistent with the premises; a single counter-diagram makes it invalid.

Constitution adoption dates

The Indian Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950, the date celebrated as Republic Day.

km/h to m/s

Multiply a speed in kilometres per hour by 5/18 to obtain metres per second; multiply by 18/5 for the reverse conversion.

Relative speed rule

For two bodies, relative speed is the sum when moving in opposite directions and the difference when moving in the same direction along a line.

Blood relation tree

Represent generations with vertical levels and siblings or spouses horizontally; gender and relation follow from the stated links, not from names.

Bloom's revised taxonomy

Six cognitive levels ordered Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyse, Evaluate, Create; learning objectives should use verbs matching the intended level.

Zone of Proximal Development

Vygotsky's term for the gap between what a learner can do alone and what they can do with guidance; scaffolding targets this gap.

Piaget concrete operational stage

Ages roughly 7 to 11, when children master conservation, classification and reversibility, but still reason about concrete rather than abstract situations.

Formative assessment

Ongoing, low-stakes assessment during teaching that diagnoses learning gaps and informs immediate instructional adjustment, rather than assigning a final grade.

NEP 2020 school structure

Replaces 10+2 with a 5+3+3+4 design covering ages 3 to 18, adding three years of foundational early childhood education before class I.

RTE Act 2009 age range

Guarantees free and compulsory elementary education for children aged 6 to 14, with no detention or board examination until class VIII completion.

Kohlberg conventional level

The second level of moral reasoning, where right action is judged by social approval and by maintaining law and order rather than by consequence alone.

Inclusive education principle

The school adapts curriculum, materials and environment to diverse learners, including those with disabilities, instead of separating them into segregated settings.

Passive voice formation

Make the object the subject, use the correct form of 'be' with the past participle, and add 'by' plus the original subject when relevant.

Third conditional

Structure if + had + past participle, then would have + past participle, used for unreal past situations and their imagined results.

Affect versus effect

'Affect' is usually a verb meaning to influence; 'effect' is usually a noun meaning a result, though both have rarer alternate uses.

One-word substitution

Replacing a phrase with a single precise word, such as 'altruist' for one who works for others' welfare or 'ephemeral' for short-lived.

बहुव्रीहि समास

समास का वह भेद जिसमें कोई भी पद प्रधान नहीं होता और दोनों मिलकर किसी तीसरे अर्थ का बोध कराते हैं, जैसे 'दशानन' = दस मुख वाला।

अव्ययीभाव समास

वह समास जिसमें पूर्व पद अव्यय होता है और समस्त पद भी अव्यय की तरह प्रयुक्त होता है, जैसे 'प्रतिदिन' या 'यथाशक्ति'।

कारक चिह्न

संज्ञा या सर्वनाम का वाक्य में क्रिया से संबंध बताने वाले परसर्ग - ने, को, से, के लिए, में, पर - जिनका प्रयोग कारक के अनुसार होता है।